Obligation and Necessity (Modals)

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Content
1. Warm up 2. Definitions 3. Use and Form 4. Summary 5. Exercises

Warm up

1. What do you do when you meet this signboard?

2. Pupils ..when they go to school.

3. They are very fat, They.. to have a well-proportioned.

Key
1. must not smoke 2. ..have to wear 3. ..must do exercise
The verbs that can be used to express Obligations and Necessity

II. Definitions
What is an Obligation and Necessity?
An Obligation and Necessity is a requirement to do: - Something that comes from personal circumstance of the speaker. - Something that comes from external circumstance or the situation. The verbs that can be used to express Obligations and Necessity are must, have to (have got to).

Must, Have to (have got to)

Ex: - I must stop smoking. - He must work harder. - I must go to bed earlier. We use must to expresses personal obligation. This usually means that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary. Must expresses what the speaker thinks is necessary. Must is subjective.
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III. USE and Form

I have to arrive at work at 9 sharp. My boss is very strict. You have to pass your exams or the university will not accept you. In France, you have to drive on the right. We have to wear a uniform at work. 1. We also use have to to expresses a strong obligation. This usually means that some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.

2. We use have to to expresses impersonal obligation. The sujective of have to is obliged or forced to act by external power (ex, the law or school rules). Have to is Objective.

Must not
Ex: - I mustnt eat so much sugar. - You mustnt watch so much televition. - Students must not leave bicycles here. - Policemen must not drink on duty. (S)

(S) (O) (O)

Must not expresses prohibition. The prohibition can be subjective (the speakers opinion) or objective (a real law or rule).

Dont Have to
Ex: - We dont have to get there on time. The boss is away today. - I dont have to listen to this. Im leaving. - You dont have to come if you dont want to.

We use dont have to to state that there is NO obligation or necessary.

Notes:
1. We can use must (must not) to talk about the present or future. Ex:- I must go now. (Present) - Visitors must not smoke. (Present) - I must call my mother tomorrow. (future) - I mustnt forget Lans birthday. (future) 2. We cant use must (mustnt) to talk about the past. We use have to to talk about the past or use other structures to talk about the past. Ex: - We were not allowed to enter. - I couldnt park outside the shop.

IV. Summary
1. Obligation and Necessity are a requirement to do something. 2. We use have to when the obligation or necessity comes from outside the speaker or when others decide for the speaker. 3. We use must for the obligation or necessity that the speaker decides himself. 4. Have to is used all tenses. Have got to is used especially in spoken English.

IV. Summary
5. Must is used only in present and future. Must is never used with other modals, the ing form, the full infinitive to form, or a P2. These all require the have to form. 6. Must is used mostly to talk about the feelings and wishes of the speaker and the listener. 7. Must is usually stronger than have to.

V. Exercises
Complete the following sentences by using verbs: must or have to 1. She has a big problem. We . her (help). MUST HELP 2. I have to work Monday - Saturday but I . on Sunday (work). DON'T HAVE TO/ HAVEN'T TO WORK 3. You . a document before reading it carefully (sign). MUSTN'T SIGN 4. When travelling to many countries, you . a visa (get). HAVE TO GET

V. Exercises
Complete the following sentences by using verbs: must or have to 5. He didn't know how to use the camera. I . him (show). HAD TO SHOW 6. I .......... on Sunday this week (work). HAVE GOT TO WORK/ WILL HAVE GOT TO 7. You . some exercise if you want to keep fit (do). MUST DO 8. You . with knives. It's dangerous (play). MUSTN'T PLAY