MATH10

ALGEBRA
RELATIONS FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS


Functions and Their Graphs(Algebra and Trigonometry, Young 2
nd
Edition, page 225-322)



GENERAL OBJECTIVE
At the end of the chapter the students are expected to:
Week 8 Day 1
Determine whether a relation is a function.
Use function notation.
Find the domain and range of a function.
Perform operations on functions.
Sketch the graphs of common functions.
Classify function as odd even, or neither.
Determine whether functions are one-to-one.
Find the inverse of a function.

FUNCTIONS
TODAYS OBJECTIVE
Determine whether a relation is a function.
Determine whether an equation represents a function.
Use function notation.
Find the value of a function.
Determine the domain and range of a function.
Evaluate the difference quotient for a function.

At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:
Week 8 Day 1
DEFINITION
RELATION
A relation is a correspondence between two sets where each
element in the first set called the domain, corresponds to at least
one element in the second set, called the range.
It is a set of ordered pairs.
The domain is the set of the first components of the ordered
pairs and the range is the set of all the second component of the
ordered pairs.
A relation in which each element of the domain corresponds to
exactly one element in the range is a function.

Week 8 Day 1
DEFINITION
FUNCTION
A function is a correspondence between two sets where each
element in the first set , called the domain, corresponds to exactly
one element in the second set, called the range.

It is a set of ordered pairs with no two pairs having the same first
element.
Week 8 Day 1
Week 8 Day 1
Set A is the domain
1
2
3
4
5
Set B is the range
2
10
8
6
4
Example 1:
one - to-one
{(1,6), (2,2), (3,4), (4,8), (5,10)}
Set A is the domain
1
2
3
4
5
Set B is the range
2
10
8
6
4
Example 2:
many-to-one
{(1,4), (2,4), (3,4), (4,4), (5,4)}
Week 8 Day 1
A good example that you can relate to is that students in our
algebra class this term are set A. The grade youll earn out of this
class is set B. Each student must be assigned a grade and can only
be assigned ONE grade, but more than one student can get the
same grade (we hope so---we want lots of 1s). The example shown
on the previous screen had each student getting the same grade.
1
2
3
4
5
2
10
8
6
4
2 was assigned both 4 and 10, therefore one-to-many or the element in the domain
corresponds to more than one element in the range
NOT a function . It is, however a relation.
{(1,2), (2,4), (2,10), (3,8), (4,6),(5,4)}
Example 3:

x y sin =
1
3
+ = x y
One-to-one and many-to-one functions
Each value of x maps to only one
value of y . . .
Consider the following graphs
Each value of x maps to only one
value of y . . .
BUT many other x values map to
that y.
and each y is mapped from only
one x.
and
One-to-one and many-to-one functions
is an example of

a one-to-one function
1
3
+ = x y
is an example of

a many-to-one function

x y sin =

x y sin =
1
3
+ = x y
Consider the following graphs
and
One-to-many is NOT a function. It is however a relation.
Example 5:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
227 page Turn Your
F 00PM,85 : 6 , F 00PM,89 : 2 , F 00AM,83 : 11 . c
7,8 , 5,6 , 1,3 , 1,2 . b
7,6 , 5,6 , 3,2 , 1,2 a.
: functions are relations following the whether Determine
o o 0
Week 8 Day 1
Below is a sample of 2008 cars listed from less expensive to more
expensive, with corresponding gas consumption in miles per
gallon MPG
Kia Rio
Ford Focus
Toyota Corolla
Honda Civic
Toyota Prius
Nissan Altima (H)
Ford Mustang
Dodge Viper
Hummer H2
Aston Martin DB9


DOMAIN
MODEL
25
24
27
21
48
35
17
13
11
11
Is this relation a function?
RANGE
MPG (CITY)
A) YES B) NO
Example 6:
Below is a sample of 2008 cars listed from less expensive to more expensive,
with corresponding gas consumption in miles per gallon MPG
DOMAIN
MPG (city)
Kia Rio
Ford Focus
Toyota Corolla
Honda Civic
Toyota Prius
Nissan Altima (H)

Ford Mustang
Dodge Viper
Hummer H2

Is this relation a function?
RANGE
model & make
A) YES B) NO
25
24
27
21
48
35
17
13
11
Aston Martin DB9
Example 7:
All of the examples discussed are discrete sets in that they
represent countable set of distinct pairs (x,y). A function can
also be defined algebraically by equations.
Week 8 Day 1
An equation assigns to each x-value exactly one corresponding y-value.
FUNCTIONS DEFINED BY EQUATIONS
x 3 x y equation the Given : Example
2
=
x y Ordered Pair
1 -2 (1,-2)
5 10 (5,10)
-2/3 22/9 (-2/3,22/9)
1.2 -2.16 (1.2,-2.16)
x is the independent variable ,first element in the ordered pair
(domain)
y is the dependent variable, second element in the ordered pair
(range)
Week 8 Day 1
Any equation which describes how the elements of the domain and
range of any relation are paired is called the rule of correspondence of
that relation.

It should be made clear that the equation is not the relation.
The relation is the set of ordered pairs which consists of all possible
parings of the elements of the domain and range according to the rule
or the equation which describes the relation.
Week 8 Day 1
Example 1:
229 228 page Example
x y . f
x y . e
x y . d
y x . c
1 y x . b
y x a.
function. a define equations following the whether Determine
3
2
2 2
2

=
=
=
=
= +
=
Week 8 Day 1
VERTICAL LINE TEST
Week 8 Day 1
Given the graph of an equation, if any vertical line that can
be drawn intersects the graph at no more than one point,
the equation defines a function of x. This test is called the
vertical line test.
Use the vertical line test to determine whether the
graphs of equations define functions of x
Week 8 Day 1
x x
y y
# 19 page 239
# 22 page 239

In summary , a function can be expressed in one of
the four ways:

Week 8 Day 1
1. Verbally
2. Numerically
3. Algebraically
4. Graphically
This is sometimes called the Rule of 4.
Verbally Numerically Algebraically Graphically





Example: Expressing a Function
( ) ( ) ( ) { } 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 x y =
x
y
Every real
number has a
corresponding
absolute value

FUNCTION NOTATION

Week 8 Day 1

Functions are denoted by letters, the most common of which are
f,g,h, F,G ,H, etc.

Given the equation y=2x+5 which is a function because its graph is
a non vertical line and thus passes the vertical line test.
If we give the said function a name, say, f, then we can use
function notation : f(x)=2x+5

The symbol f(x) is read : f evaluated at x or f of x and represents
the y-value that corresponds to a particular x-value. In other words,
y=f(x).
Week 8 Day 1
Input Function Output Equation
x f f(x) f(x)=2x+5
Independent
variable
(or the
argument)
Mapping Dependent
variable
Mathematical
rule
x
x=0
x=1
x=2
f(x)=2x+5
f(0)=5
f(1)=7
f(2)=9
Domain
Range
Function
f
f
f

The function f maps some value of x in the domain to some value f(x)
in the range.
Week 8 Day 1

EXAMPLE

( )
( ) ( )
232 page 3 . 1 . 3 . Ex Classroom
1 2f - b. 1 - f a. : Compute
1 x x x f Let 1.
4
=
( )
( )
( )
232 page 4 . 1 . 3 . Ex Classroom
0 x f that such x c.Find
2 f Find b.
3 - f Find a. 2.
=
1
2
3
4
-1
-2
-3
-4 -8 -10 4 8 x
(2,-1)
(4,1)
y
Week 8 Day 1
( )
( )
233 page YourTurn
1 x g Evaluate
3 x 2 x x g Let 3.
2

+ =
( )
( )
( ) ( )
233 page 6 . 1 . 3 . x ClassroomE
1 f x f b.
1 x f a. : Compute
. x 2 x f Let 4.
2
+
+
=
( )
( )
233 page 7 . 1 . 3 . Ex lassroom C
x - f - : Compute
. x 2 x 3 x f Let 5.
2
=
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
234 page YourTurn
3
1
G d.
G(3)
G(1)
c.
2 G t G b. 2 - t G a. : Evalaute
, 4 t 3 t G function the Given 6.
|
.
|

\
|

=
( )
235 page YourTurn
1 x x f for
quotient difference the Evaluate 7.
2
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x f g b. x g f a. : Find
5 x 3 2x x g and 2 - x x f If 8.
2
= =

DIFFERENCE QUOTIENT

( ) ( )
quotient. difference the called is
, 0 h where ,
h
x f h x f
expression The =
+
Week 8 Day 1

DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION

All the possible values of x is called the domain and all the possible
values of y is called the range. In a set of ordered pairs, the set of
first elements and second elements of ordered pairs is the domain
and range, respectively.
EXAMPLE: Write the answers in set notation and
interval notation.

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
237 page 10 . 1 . 3 . Ex Classroom
1 x
x
x f . d
x
1 - x
x f . c
x 3 9 x f . b
32 x 2
1 x
x f a.
functions. the of range and domain the Find 1.
2
3
3
3
2
+

= =
=

=
Week 8 Day 1
( ) ( )
237 Page YourTurn
4 x
1
x f . b 3 x x f a.
functions. the of range and domain the Find 2.
2

= =
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
x y e.
241 page 88,70 91, 97, s #
x 25
x
x P . c
3 t
t 2
t Q d. 16 x x f b.
0 x g to s correspond that
x of values the find and 5 x 2 x x f . a
functions. the of range and domain the Find 3.
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
=

=
+

= =
=
=
TODAYS OBJECTIVE
Recognize and graph common functions.
Classify functions as even, odd, or neither.
Graph piecewise-defined function.
Graph greatest integer function.
Add, subtract, multiply and divide functions.
Evaluate composition of functions.
Determine the domain of functions resulting from operations on
and composition of functions.
Find the inverse of a function


At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:
Week 8 Day 2
Week 8 Day 2
KINDS OF FUNCTIONS AND ITS GRAPHS
DEFINITION
If f(x) is a function, then its graph is the set of all points (x,y) in the
two-dimensional plane for which (x,y) is an ordered pair in f(x).

One way to graph a function is by point plotting.

We can also find the domain and range from the graph of a function.
GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
Week 8 Day 2
Week 8 Day 2
EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the following functions and state
the domain and range in interval notation.
NAME FUNCTION
1. Linear
2.Constant
3. Identity
4.Square
5.Cube
6.Square root
7.Cube root
8.Absolute value
9.Reciprocal

( ) 5 x 3 x f + =
( ) 6 x f =
( ) x x f =
( ) 5 x x f
2
=
( )
3
x 2 x f =
( )
2
x 16 x f =
( )
3
x x f =
( ) 5 x 2 x f =
( )
25 x
1
x f
2

=
The term even is used to describe functions that are symmetric with
respect to the y-axis or vertical axis.
The term odd is used to describe functions that are symmetric with
respect to the origin.
EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
Function Symmetric wrt On replacing x with -x
Even y-axis or vertical axis f(-x)= f(x)
Odd origin f(-x)=-f(x)
Week 8 Day 2
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3.2.1 Ex. Classroom
x x 3 x f . e
1 x x 3 x f d. x x 3 x f b.
x x 3 x f c. x x 3 x f . a
neither. or odd even, are functions these if Determine
2
5 3
5 3 5 3
5 3 5 3
=
+ + = =
+ = + =
EXAMPLE
Week 8 Day 2
PIECEWISE DEFINED FUNCTIONS
A piecewise defined function is defined by different formulas on
different parts of its domain.
EXAMPLE: Graph the piecewise-defined function, and state the
domain and range in interval notation.
( ) ( )
256 page Turn Your 254 page #5 Example
1 x x
1 x 1 - 2
-1 x x
x f 2.
1 x x
1 x 1 - 1
1 x x
x G 1.
2

>
< <
s
=

>
s s
<
=
Week 8 Day 2
( )
256 page Example

0 t 1
0 t 0
t H 3.

>
<
=
Week 8 Day 2
GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION
(
x to equal or than less integer greatest x
by defined is function integer greatest The
=
Example:
(
= 0
(
= 1 . 0
(
= 3 . 0
(
= 9 . 0
(
= 1
(
= 1 . 1
(
= 2 . 1
(
= 9 . 1
(
= 2
(
= 1 . 2
(
= 4 . 3
(
= 4 . 3
(
= 9 . 0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
-4
-1
Week 8 Day 2
LEAST INTEGER FUNCTION
EXAMPLE:

= 0

= 1 . 1

= 2 . 1

= 9 . 1

= 2

= 1 . 2

= 4 . 3

= 4 . 3

= 9 . 0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
4
-3
0

x to equal or than greater integer least x
by defined is function integer least The
=

= 1 . 0

= 3 . 0

= 9 . 0

= 1
EXAMPLE: Graph the greatest integer function . ( )
(
x x f =
Week 8 Day 2
Week 8 Day 2
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
AND
COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
Week 8 Day 2
FUNCTION NOTATION DOMAIN
Sum

Difference

Product

Quotient


( )( ) ( ) ( ) x g x f x g f + = +
( )( ) ( ) ( ) x g x f x g f =
( )( ) ( ) ( ) x g x f x g f =
( )
( )
( ) x g
x f
x
g
f
= |
.
|

\
|
g f
D D
g f
D D
g f
D D
( ) { } 0 x g D D
g f
=
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE
( ) ( )
280 page 3.4.1 Ex. Classroom
domains. the State
.
g
f
and , g f , g - f , g f : Compute
x -4 x g and x 2 1 x f Let 1.
3 3
+
= + =
( ) ( )
281 page 3.4.2 Ex. Classroom
domains. the state and
g
f
: Compute
6 - x 3 x g and x 3 x f Let 2. = =
Week 8 Day 2
Week 8 Day 2
NOTATION WORDS DEFINITION

DOMAIN






COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
g f
f g
f composed
with g
g composed
with f
( ) ( ) x g f
( ) ( ) x f g
The set of all real numbers x
in the domain of g such that g(x)
is also in the domain of f.
The set of all real numbers x
in the domain of f such that f(x)
is also in the domain of g.
EXAMPLE
( ) ( )
282 page 3.4.3 Ex. Classroom
domain. the state and , f g and g f : Compute
4 -x x g and x 2 x f Let 1.
2

+ = =
( ) ( )
283 page #4 Example
domain. its state and g f determine
x
1
x g and
1 x
1
x f Let 2.

=
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
284 page #6 Example
4 - f g d. 3 f g c.
2 - g f b. 1 g f a. evaluate
x 5 x g and 7 - x x f Let 3.
2 2
= =
Week 8 Day 2
INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
If f is a one-to-one function determined by the set of ordered pairs
(x,y), then there is a function f
1
, called the inverse function of f, such
that its set consists of the ordered pairs (y,x) defined by
x = f
1
(y) if and only if y = f (x)
The domain of f
1
is the range of f and the range of f
1
is the domain
of f.
EXAMPLE
( )
( )
293 page 3.5.4 Ex. Classroom
1 2 x x f of inverse the is
2 1 x f that Verify 1.
3
3 1 -
+ =
+ =
( ) ( )
297 page 3.5.7 Example Classroom
1 x 2 x g b. 3x - 1 x f a.
range and domain the state and functions
following the of inverse the Determine 2.
+ + = =
Week 8 Day 2
EXAMPLE
Week 8 Day 2
( )
( )
297 page Turn Your
inverse its Find
function. one - to - one a is
1 x ,
1 x
4
x g function The b.
298 page #8 Example
exists. it if x x f
function the of inverse the Find a. 3.
=

=
=
Find the inverse of
x
x
x f
5 1
1 5
) (

+
=
function. one - to - one a Not D)
C)
B)
A)
5
1
) (
) 1 ( 5
1
) (
) 1 ( 5
1
) (
1
1
1
=

+
=
+

x f
x
x
x f
x
x
x f
4 2 0 2 4
4
2
0
2
4
x
y
f x
1
) ( x f
SUMMARY