Chapter 1 Body As A Whole Done (Autosaved)

WINDFIELD INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF NURSING AND ALLIED SCIENCES
CHAPTER 1 BODY AS A WHOLE

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DHC203
DHC 203 BODY AS A WHOLE
Learning Objectives
By end of the lesson students should be able to: Define Anatomy and Physiology. Describe the basic functions and requirements of organisms. Identify the major levels of organization in organisms . Explain the concept of homeostasis, including both positive and negative feedback. Identify the 11 organ systems of the body and their major components. Using the proper anatomical terms, identify the major body sections and cavities.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomy study of internal and external structures of the body and the relationship among body parts. (Greek a cutting up)
Physiology study of function of the body structures (Greek relationship to nature)
Basic functions of organisms

Movement
Responsiveness
Growth and differentiation Reproduction Circulation Respiration Metabolism and excretion
Requirements of Organisms
Water - required for metabolic processes and transport of substances - regulates body temperature Food - supplies necessary nutrients, energy and raw materials Oxygen - to release energy from nutrients
Heat - energy that controls rate of metabolic reactions

Pressure - atmospheric pressure important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing
Levels of Organization
Atom smallest unit of matter Molecule smallest living unit in the human body Organelle mitochondrion, cell membrane, nucleus Cell a group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions Tissue combination of tissues that perform complex functions Organ an interacting group of organs that perform one or more specific functions
Organism - an organism, the highest level of organization

Levels of Organization
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a constant environment in the body
Homeostatic Mechanisms monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes
Detectors send input to control center

Control center evaluates input and generates output (set point) Effectors receives output and produces response
Feedback Systems
1. Negative feedback mechanisms Reverses a change, i.e. the negative Most common type of feedback loop
Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation 2. Positive feedback mechanisms
Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body

Considered to be the uncommon loop
Examples: blood clotting and child birth

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Organ System
Integumentary system Nervous system Skeletal system Endocrine system Muscular system Cardiovascular system
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Organ System
Lymphatic system Urinary system Respiratory system
Digestive system
Reproductive system
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Anatomical Terms
Anatomical Position standing erect, facing forward, arms at the sides, palms facing forward, feet together
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Directional Terms
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Directional Terms
DHC 402 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT III
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Regional Terms
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Regional Terms
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Body Sections
Sagittal- divides the body into right and left parts
Midsagittal or medial- sagittal plane that lies on the midline

Frontal or coronal- divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse or horizontal- divides the body into superior and inferior parts
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Body Sections
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Body Cavities
Dorsal cavity -protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions -Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain -Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord Ventral cavity -houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: - Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities
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Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity - Pleural cavities each houses a lung - Mediastinum contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs - Pericardial cavity encloses the heart
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Body Cavities
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
a. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) - Contains the liver, right kidney, colon, pancreas, and the gallbladder. b. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) - Contains the colon, small intestines, major artery and vein for the right leg, the right ureter, and the appendix. c. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) - Contains the spleen, left kidney, stomach, colon, and the pancreas. d. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) - Contains the colon, small intestines, major artery and vein for the left leg, and the left ureter.
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References
Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2006) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness 10th Edition Elsevier Churchill Livingstone Tortora, G. J. and Derrickson, B. (2006) Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 11th Edition Wiley Seeley, R. R., Stephens, T. D. and Tate, P. (1999) Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 3th Edition McGraw Hill
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Chapter 1 Body As A Whole Done (Autosaved)

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Chapter 1 Body As A Whole Done (Autosaved)

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WINDFIELD INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF NURSING AND ALLIED SCIENCES