BIO 3303 Final Exam Review

Dec 3, 2012

Final exam
Short and long answers questions (part B and C): answer 4 out of 6

If you answer more than 4 questions indicate with an X the questions you do not want to get marked. Otherwise we will mark the first 4 that are answered.

Exam Course Topics Content

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 Number of Questions 40/40 4/6 4/6 100/130

Part A (1mark ) Part B (5 marks) Part C (10 marks) Total Marks Possible

12 1 1 24

4 0 2 24

7 2 1 27

17 3 3 55

Office hours
This week: Today 1-2pm, Wednesday 11:30-2pm Next week: I will be on campus Friday afternoon I will post the exact hours in the announcement section of the website Email me if you cant make those times and we will set up an appointment.

Overview of cell signaling

Graded Potentials
Activated by ligand- gated Na+ channel, cause changes in membrane potential Synaptic potential Spatially restricted response Conduction with decrement

Fig. 4.6

Electrical Signals

Graded changes in membrane potential occur in dendrites and cell body

Are spatially and temporally summated If combined depolarization exceeds threshold, an action potential is generated Spatial summation can also Fig. 4.8 prevent generation of APs (excitatory + inhibitory potential)

Vertebrate muscle
Summation: force of contraction

Invertebrate muscle
Summation: membrane potential

Fig. 5.35

1.3 Nervous System Diversity and Vertebrate NS Organization

Fig. 7.1

Vertebrate CNS and PNS

Autonomic Nervous System

Fig. 7.17

Fig. 7.19

Cholinergic Receptors

Adrenergic Receptors
Same neurotransmitter can have different effects depending on the type of receptor that is on the effector cell.

smooth muscles contract

smooth muscles relax

Agonists and Antagonists

Nicotinic AChR (SNS, PSNS)
Agonist: nicotine variable effects: both a stimulant and a relaxant Curare darts Antagonist: curare paralysis bungarotoxin paralysis, suppression of breathing

Muscarinic AChR (PSNS)

Agonist: muscarine bronchoconstriction, bradycardia Antagonist: atropine HR

Adrenergic Receptors (SNS)

Agonist: isoproterenol (non-specific) treatment of bradycardia 2: salbutamol treatment of asthma Antagonists: : phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine treatment of hypertension : propranolol, sotalol treatment of anxiety, cardiac arrhythmias

Antagonistic HR Regulation

Fig. 8.24

Fig. 8.25

Blood Glucose Regulation

cells: Insulin Decrease blood glucose (glucose uptake in target cells) cells: Glucagon Increase blood glucose (liver release stored glucose Coordinated, antagonistic actions on multiple target tissues

Fig. 3.32

Fig. 9-43, Randall et al. 2002

Integrated Stress Response

Fig. 3.37

HPA

Autonomic NS

Somatic NS

Phase 1

HPA: hypothalamus pituitary -adrenal axis

Fig. 3.38

Stress response

Phase 2

Fig. 15.11 Hill et al. 2006

Tactile Receptors (invertebrates)

Arthropods (e.g. Insects): cuticle prevents pressure detection through free nerve endings Trichoid sensilla Hair-like projection of cuticle, bends in response to touch or vibration Accessory structure transfers mvt of sensilla to dendrite of bipolar sensory neuron Open stretch-sensitive TRP ion channels Very sensitive: detect small changes in air movements

Fig. 6.14

Proprioceptors (invertebrates)
Campaniform sensilla Similar to trichoid sensilla except lack hair shaft. Dome-shape projection of cuticle Found in clusters, especially near joints of limbs Detect cuticle deformation as insect moves Allows coordinated mvts

Fig. 6.14

Proprioception (insects)
Scolopidium: specialized unit consisting of ciliated bipolar sensory neuron and scolopale (an accessory cell) Attached to cuticle via ligament or attachment cell Detect bending of cuticle Isolated or grouped (e.g. Chordotonal organ (vibrations, hearing))

Insect scolopidium
Fig. 6.15

Sound amplification mechanisms in ear

Outer ear: 3 dB Pinna: shape and orientation of pinna and auditory canal amplify sound of up to 3 dB at frequencies from 2-5 kHz (human speech) Middle ear: 13 dB Ossicles: lever system: Displacement at oval window (OW) smaller by factor of 1/1.3 Force at OW amplified by 1.3 Typanic membrane and oval window: Amplification by transmission of force from large to small surface (OW 16x smaller, therefore force 16x larger
Inner ear: Outer hair cells: motor proteins (prestin) shorten and lengthen outer hair cells to amplify movement of the basilar membrane (Cochlear amplifier)

4.2 Muscle Contractions

Fig. 5.18

Fig. 5.21 Fig. 5.17

Sliding Filament Model

1. myosin tightly bound to actin (ATP binding site empty) 2. ATP binds and myosin loses affinity for actin (cross-bridge broken) 3. Release of actin activate the myosin ATPase to convert ATP into ADP and P 4. Myosin head extends toward + end and binds to actin 5. P released and myosin use energy stored from ATP to pull actin filament (power stroke) 6. ADP is released

Fig. 5.13

Ca2+ sensor complexes

Striated muscle: Troponin-tropomyosin Smooth muscle: Ca2+-calmodulin-caldesmon

Skeletal muscle EC coupling

Cardiac muscle EC coupling

Skeletal muscle excitation

Cardiac muscle excitation

TAG

http://howmed.net/physiology/skeletal-muscle/

Characteristics of fuel sources

Many hours/days

Few hours minutes

seconds
PCr FAT
Carbohydrates (CHO) 1% Protein 14% Lipids 85%

CHO

CHO PCr

Practice questions
I will post a few practice questions this week on the blackboard website.

Assignment #4
Due Wednesday Dec. 5th before midnight