SUMMER TRAINING AT BSNL

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED JANPATH 110001, NEW DELHI

Yogesh Soni Roll No: 90 / ECE / 10

COMMUNICATION
Communication is the process of conveying message at a distance. e.g. Line telephony, radio telephony, mobile communication, computer communication, radar communication etc.

TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS
A communication network is a collection of transmitters, receivers, and communications channels. Transmitter- it will transmit the signal. Receiver- it will receive the signal. Communication Channel- it is the physical signal that carry signal from transmitter to receiver. E.g. atmosphere, optical fibers, coaxial cables.

OPTICAL FIBER
An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of glass (silica) or plastic. Daniel Colladon first described this light pipe in 1842. Its main function is to transmit light between two end of fiber. Optical fiber include a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower index of refraction.

 Optical fiber can be used as a medium for telecommunication & computer networking because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables. It is especially advantageous for long distance communications by virtue of its low attenuations power. Each fiber can carry many independent channels, each using a different wavelength of light.

OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER An optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) is an optoelectronic instrument used to characterize an optical fiber. OTDR may be used for estimating the fibers length & overall attenuation. It may also be used to locate faults, such as brakes, and to measure optical return loss.

TYPES OF OTDR

OTDR

Full Feature OTDR

Hand-Held OTDR

Fiber Break Locator

FULL FEATURE OTDR

These are traditional OTDR. They are feature rich and usually larger, and less portable than other OTDR. They have greater measurement range than other types of OTDR. Often it is used in laboratories.

Hand-Hold OTDR
Hand-held OTDR is designed to troubleshoot fiber networks. Commonly used to measure fiber links and locate fiber break, points to high loss. They may be less feature rich then full feature OTDR.

FIBER BREAK LOCATOR

Fiber break locator are intended to be lowcost instrument. Specially designed to locate the position of a catastrophic fiber event. Can be used in standard tool kit by technicians due to be inexpensive and portable.

GSM
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) This system is popularly used in these days. GSM network operate in a number of different carrier frequency range. 2G GSM networks operating in the 900MHz or 1800 MHz.

STRUCTURE OF GSM NETWORK

MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE BTS BSC HLR VLR

AU

MOBILE STATION

BASE STATION SYSTEM

EIR

INTERFACE IN GSM NETWORK

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. UM between MS & BSS Abis between BTS & BSC A between BSS & MSC B between MSC & VLR C between MSC & HLR D between VLR & HLR E between CS & MSC F between MSC & EIR G between VLR & other VLR H between VLR & AU

BASE TRANSRECEIVER STATION

BASE TRANSRECEIVER STATION (BTS) is a piece of equipment that facilitates wireless communication between user equipment (UE) and a network. UEs are devices like mobile phones, internet connectivity, WiFi etc. BTS forms part of the base station system development for system management.

MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE

It is connected to BSS which handle the radio communication with 2G & 2.5G mobile phones. Main function of MSC is to handover a call. Delivering calls to subscribers as they arrive based on information from VLR. Carrying out handovers from this MSC to another. Generating billing information.

HOME LOCATION REGISTER

HLR is a central database that contain details of each mobile phone. HLR stores details of every SIM card issued by mobile phone operator. HLR directly receives and processes MAP transaction & messages from element in the GSM network. for example. the location update messages received as mobile phone roam around.

AUTHENTICATION CENTRE
Authentication centre (AuC) is a function to authenticate each SIM card that attempts to connect to the GSM core network. If Authentication is successful, the HLR is allowed to manage the SIM & services described above. If Authentication fails then no services are possible from that particular combinations of sim card & mobile phone.

VISITOR LOCATON REGISTER

It is database of subscriber who have roamed into jurisdiction of the MSC which it serves. Primary function of VLR are : To inform the HLR that a subscriber has arrived in the particular area covered by VLR. To track where the subscriber is within the VLR area when no call is going on. To allow & disallow which services the subscriber may use.

EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER

The EIR keeps a list of mobile phones (identified by their IMEI). This is designed to allow tracking of stolen mobile phones. EIR prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized or defective mobile station. EIR also have the capability to log handset attempts and store it in a log file.

OTHER SUPPORT FUNCTION

BILLING CENTRE (BC) The billing centre is responsible for processing the toll tickets generated by the VLRs & HLRs and generating a bill for each subscriber. SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE CENTRE (SMSC) The SMSC support the sending of text messages

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