OSI Model

Valli Chandrasekaran August,2009

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Role OF OSI Model

It provides a way to understand how internetwork operates Breaks the complex operation of networking into a simple elements The change in one layer do not affect the other Layers

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Using Layers to Describe Data Communication

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OSI Model

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

Provides connectivity and path selection between two host Provides Logical address

No error correction, best effort delivery.

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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Peer-to-Peer Communication

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TCP/IP Model

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Encapsulation

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Names for Data at Each Layer

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ISO/OSI Reference Model (2)

File Transfer, Email, Remote Login ASCII Text, Sound (syntax layer) Establish/manage connection

End-to-end control & error checking (ensure complete data transfer):TCP Routing and Forwarding Address:IP Two party communication: Ethernet How to transmit signal; coding Hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier

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TCP/IP Model

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What Is TCP/IP?
A suite of protocols Rules that dictate how packets of information are sent across multiple networks Addressing

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TCP/IP Applications
Application layer
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Remote Login (Telnet) E-mail (SMTP)

Transport layer
Transport Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Network layer
Internet Protocol (IP)

Data link & physical layer

LAN Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, etc. WAN Serial lines, Frame Relay, X.25, etc.

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TCP/IP Protocol Stack

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Application

4 5

Transport
3

Internet
2

Data Link
Physical

Data Link
1

Physical

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Application Layer Overview

File Transfer - TFTP * - FTP * - NFS E-Mail - SMTP Remote Login - Telnet * - rlogin * Network Management - SNMP * Name Management - DNS* *Used by the router
Physical

Application

Transport Internet Data Link

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Transport Layer Overview

Application Transport Internet Data Link Physical

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

ConnectionOriented Connectionless

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TCP Transmission Control Protocol

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UDP User Datagram Protocol

Unreliable Fast Assumes application will retransmit on error

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Port Numbers

Application Layer

F T P

T E L N E T
23 TCP

S M T P

D N S

T F T P

S N M P

R I P

21

25

53

69
UDP

161

520

Transport Layer

Port Numbers

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TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection

Host A Host B

Send SYN (seq=100 ctl=SYN) SYN received

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TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection

Host A Host B

Send SYN (seq=100 ctl=SYN) SYN received SYN received Send SYN, ACK 2 (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)

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TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection

Host A Host B

Send SYN (seq=100 ctl=SYN) SYN received SYN received Send SYN, ACK 2 (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)

Established (seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack)

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TCP Simple Acknowledgment

Sender Receiver

Window size = 1
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TCP Simple Acknowledgment

Sender
Send 1

Receiver Receive 1

Window size = 1
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TCP Simple Acknowledgment

Sender
Send 1 Receive ACK 2

Receiver Receive 1
Send ACK 2

Window size = 1
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TCP Simple Acknowledgment

Sender
Send 1 Receive ACK 2

Receiver Receive 1
Send ACK 2

Send 2

Receive 2

Window size = 1
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TCP Simple Acknowledgment

Sender
Send 1 Receive ACK 2

Receiver Receive 1
Send ACK 2

Send 2
Receive ACK 3

Receive 2 Send ACK 3

Window size = 1
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TCP Simple Acknowledgment

Sender
Send 1 Receive ACK 2

Receiver Receive 1
Send ACK 2

Send 2
Receive ACK 3 Send 3

Receive 2 Send ACK 3 Receive 3

Window size = 1
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TCP Simple Acknowledgment

Sender
Send 1 Receive ACK 2

Receiver Receive 1
Send ACK 2

Send 2
Receive ACK 3 Send 3

Receive 2 Send ACK 3 Receive 3 Send ACK 4

Window size = 1
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Receive ACK 4

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TCP Windowing

Sender

Receiver

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TCP Windowing

Sender

Window size = 3 Send 1 Window size = 3 Send 2 Window size = 3 Send 3

Receiver

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TCP Windowing

Sender

Window size = 3 Send 1 Window size = 3 Send 2 Window size = 3 Send 3

Receiver

ACK 3 Window size = 2

Packet 3 is Dropped

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TCP Windowing

Sender

Window size = 3 Send 1 Window size = 3 Send 2 Window size = 3 Send 3

Receiver

ACK 3 Window size = 2

Packet 3 is Dropped

Window size = 2 Send 3 Window size = 2 Send 4

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TCP Windowing

Sender

Window size = 3 Send 1 Window size = 3 Send 2 Window size = 3 Send 3

Receiver

Packet 3 is ACK 3 Window size = 2 Dropped

Window size = 2 Send 3 Window size = 2 Send 4 ACK 5 Window size = 2

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Internet Layer Overview

Internet Protocol (IP) Application

Transport
Internet Data Link Physical

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

OSI network layer corresponds to the TCP/IP internet layer

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Protocol Field

Transport Layer

TCP 6

UDP 17 IP Protocol Numbers

Internet Layer

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Internet Control Message Protocol

Application Transport

1
ICMP Internet

Destination Unreachable Echo (Ping) Other

Data Link Physical

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Q and A

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