CHLORINE

Atomic Symbol ........... Cl

Atomic Weight ............ 35.453

Atomic Number .......... 17 Molecular Weight ....... 70.906

 Chlorine is an element used in industry and found in

some household products. Chlorine is sometimes in the form of a poisonous gas. Chlorine gas can be pressurized and cooled to change it into a liquid so that it can be shipped and stored. When liquid chlorine is released, it quickly turns into a gas that stays close to the ground and spreads rapidly. Chlorine gas can be recognized by its pungent, irritating odor, which is like the odor of bleach. The strong smell may provide an adequate warning to people that they have been exposed.

 Chlorine gas appears to be yellow-green in color.

Chlorine itself is not flammable, but it can react

explosively or form explosive compounds with other chemicals such as turpentine and ammonia.

 Disinfection

Water treatment
Bleaching Metal recovery

Neutralising agent
Oxidant.

Chlorine, gas or liquid, is non-explosive and nonflammable. It is an oxidizer and is capable of supporting combustion. Many organic chemicals react readily with chlorine, sometimes violently.

 Chemical Reactions

Reactions With Water : Chlorine is only slightly soluble in water. Reactions With Metals : At ordinary temperatures dry chlorine, gas or liquid, reacts with aluminum, arsenic, gold, mercury, selenium, tellurium, tin, and titanium. Carbon steel ignites near 251C. Reactions With Organic Compounds : Chlorine reacts with many organic compounds. Some reactions can be extremely violent or explosive.

 Color : Greenish - yellow Boiling Point (Liquefying Point) : -33.97C Density :

Gas at Standard Conditions : 3.213 kg/m3 Saturated Gas : 12.23 Kg/m3 at OC Saturated Liquid : 1467 kg/m3 at 0C Melting Point - Freezing Point : -100.98C Vapor Pressure : 368.9 kPa at 0C Viscosity : Saturated Gas : 0.0125 mPas at 0C Liquid : 0.3863 mPas at 0C

 Inhalation LC50 (rat): 293 ppm/1hr.

Inhalation LC50 (mice): 137 ppm/1hr.

SKIN: Corrosive (rabbit). EYES: Severe irritant (rabbit).

 Ecotoxicity : Avoid contaminating waterways.

Persistence/degradability and mobility : Does

not accumulate in organisms. The material is not expected to bioconcentrate. Aquatic toxicity : Very toxic to aquatic organisms 96hr LC50 (fish): 0.014 mg/L Terrestrial toxicity : Very ecotoxic in the soil environment

Hazard Category : T : Toxic

Xi: Irritant

N: Dangerous for the Environment

Risk Phrases : R23: Toxic by inhalation. R36/37/38: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms.

Safety Phrases : S7/9: Keep container tightly closed and in a well ventilated place. S23: Do not breathe vapour/mist/aerosol. S24/25: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S45: In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible). S61: Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions Safety Data Sheets.

 Effects of chlorine on human health depend on how the amount

of chlorine that is present, and the length and frequency of exposure. Effects also depend on the health of a person or condition of the environment when exposure occurs. Breathing small amounts of chlorine for short periods of time adversely affects the human respiratory system. Effects differ from coughing and chest pain, to water retention in the lungs. Chlorine irritates the skin, the eyes, and the respiratory system. These effects are not likely to occur at levels of chlorine that are normally found in the environment. Human health effects associated with breathing or otherwise consuming small amounts of chlorine over long periods of time are not known. Some studies show that workers develop adverse effects from repeat inhalation exposure to chlorine, but others will not.

 Ingestion : Not a likely route of exposure, however,

swallowing liquid will result in freeze burns of the mouth, throat and stomach. Swallowing can result in chemical burns to the mouth, throat and abdomen; perforation of the gastrointestinal tract and vomiting of blood and eroded tissue. Skin contact : Liquid chlorine is corrosive to skin. Contact with skin will result in irritation. Liquid splashes or spray may cause freeze burns. Eye contact : A severe eye irritant. Corrosive to eyes; contact can cause corneal burns.

 There is tanker which is carrying 90 tones of chlorine.

It is driven to a textile factory in Kocaeli. Because of a traffic accident, the chlorine gas which is inside of tanker, disperse to the environment .

RAR =(E + T ) x Q i / (E + T ) max x Q max x 100 RAR: A Model for Assessment of Environmental Risk

E : Ecosystem properties T : HM properties Qi: Amount of HM

RAR =(E + T) x Qi / (E + T)max x Qmax x 100 T = (BT + FKsp)

BT: Biological or life hazards and properties
FKsp:Physical and chemical properties and

hazards

T = (BT + FKsp)
FKsp =S+D+F+C+PR+Tox

S: solubility D: density F: flammability C: corrosivity RP: reactivity and peroxides Tox: toxicity

FKsp= S +D+F+C+PR+Tox material/ gases

Solubility is ignored for gases!

FKsp=S+D+F+C+PR+Tox Chlorine Vapour Density: 2.49 For gases va. D. < 1.29 va. D. > 1.29 D=2 1 points 2 points

FKsp=S+D+F+C+PR+Tox

F = (f)n
Flash point : None f values Flash point < 60 C 60 90 90 120 > 120 n=1 for gases n = 0.75 for liquids n = 0.50 for solids 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 points

F = (1)^1 = 1

FKsp=S+D+F+C+PR+Tox

C = (c)

No Corrosivity data C values > 6.35 mm/year 6.35 3.17 mm/year 3.17 2 mm/year < 2 mm/year

4 points 3 points 2 points 1 points

n=1 for gases n = 0.75 for liquids n = 0.50 for solids

C = (4)^1= 4

FKsp=S+D+F+C+PR+Tox
PR = (pr)n

n = 1 for liquids and gases n= 0.5 for solids 4 points 3 points 2 points

Instable-highly reactive Reactive with water At pH=2.0, pH=12.52 produces cyanide and sulphide gas Explosive contact with water

1 points
PR = (4)^1 = 4

FKsp=S+D+F+C+PR+Tox Tox = (ECOT + ht) k k=1 if carcinogenic k=2 if non carcinogenic ECOT: Ecotoxicity Ht: human health toxicity.LD50

ECOT = (LC50)n
LC50

= 5.3 mg/L
< 0.1 mg/l 0.1-10 mg/l 10-100 mg/l >100 mg/l 4 points 3 points 2 points 1points n= 0.5 for gases ECOT= (3)^0.5= 1.7

1. degree 1 point 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4 5. 5 6. 6 If it is known cancer risk for a material , ECOT and ht values are multipled by 2. Tox = (ECOT + ht) k = (1,7 + 6)*2*1= 15

RAR =(E + T) x Qi / (E + T)max x Qmax x 100 T = (BT + FKsp) FKsp=S+D+F+C+PR+Tox FKsp= 0 + 2 + 1 + 4 + 4 + 15

FKsp= 26

RAR =(E + T) x Qi / (E + T)max x Qmax x 100 T = (BT + FKsp) BT = MKM + Tt + K MKM: Mode of exposure to HM Tt: Transportation of HM K :HM accidents

BT = MKM + Tt + K
MKM modes of exposure

Skin Contact Oral Intake Inhalation

Point 1 2 3

MKM= 3

BT = MKM + Tt + K Transportation Modes Sea water way Highway Railway Pipeline Tt = 3 points Point 4 3 2 1

BT = MKM + Tt + K K = Tt x US

US = 3 US = 2 US = 1

factor of social usage factor of industrial usage factor of storage

K= 3*2 = 6 points

BT = MKM + Tt + K BT = 3 + 3 + 6 = 12 points

RAR =(E + T) x Qi / (E + T)max x Qmax x 100 BT= 12 FKsp = 26

T = (12 + 26) = 38

Q > 1000 tons Q = 1000 500 tons Q = 500 100 tons Q = 100 1 tons Q < 1 ton

4 points 3.5 points 3 points 2.5 points 2 points

Q = 2.5 points

RAR =(E + T) x Qi / (E + T)max x Qmax x 100 E = BS + K + YFK BS : boundry of region YFK :life, activities and usage modes K :environmental sources

E = BS + K + YFK Area > 100 km Area = 100 10 km Area = 10 1 km Area < 1 km 10 points 5 points 3 points 2 points BS = 3 points

Human population density Scoring was based on an average population density within the designated area. Accordingly; <100 kii/km2 2 points 100-500 kii/km2 4 points 500-1000 kii/km2 6 points 1000-2000 kii/km2 8 points >2000 kii/km2 10 points

Urbanization Country sides on main transfer lines Cities Small industrial cities Big or organized industrial cities Metropolles 2 points 4 points 6 points 8 points 10 points

YFK = 8 point

E = BS + K + YFK Human population density Scoring was based on an average population density within the designated area. Accordingly; <100 kii/km2 2 points 100-500 kii/km2 4 points 500-1000 kii/km2 6 points 1000-2000 kii/km2 8 points >2000 kii/km2 10 points K: 6 points

RAR =(E + T) x Qi / (E + T)max x Qmax x 100 E = BS + K + YFK

E= 3 + 6 + 8 = 17 points

RAR =(E + T) x Qi / (E + T)max x Qmax x 100 T = (BT + FKsp) FKsp = 26 = 38 T:HM properties FKsp:Physical and chemical properties and hazards BT: Biological or life hazardous properties

BT=12

Qi= 2.5
E= 17

Qi:Quantity, amount
E:Ecosystem properties

RAR =(E + T) x Qi / (E + T)max x Qmax x 100 (E + T)max x Qmax = 328

(E + T) x Qi = 145
RAR= [141/328]*100 = %42

 DP = 0.5 x S x Dmax

= 0.5 x 2.3 x 1000 = 1150 people

 Chlorine: Peak Limitation = 3 mg/m3 (1 ppm)

Peak Limitation : A ceiling concentration which should not be exceeded over a measurement period which should be as short as possible but not exceeding 15 minutes. This standard is guides to be used in the control of occupational health hazards. All atmospheric contamination should be kept to as low a level as is workable.

 Conditions for safe storage:

-Store in a cool, dry, well ventilated place and out of direct sunlight. -Store away from foodstuffs. -Store away from combustible materials. -Keep dry - reacts with water. Keep container standing upright.
Precautions for safe handling:

-Avoid skin and eye contact and breathing in vapour.

 Inhalation:

Remove victim from area of exposure - avoid becoming a casualty. Skin Contact: If skin or hair contact occurs, immediately remove any contaminated clothing and wash skin and hair thoroughly with running water. Eye Contact: If in eyes, hold eyelids apart and flush the eye continuously with running water. Ingestion: Immediately rinse mouth with water. If swallowed, do NOT induce vomiting. Seek immediate medical assistance.

 Hazards from combustion products:

Non combustible, but will support combustion of other materials. Oxidizing substance. Precautions for fire fighters and special protective equipment: Not combustible, however will support the combustion of other materials. Keep containers cool with water spray. Suitable Extinguishing Media: Not combustible, however, if material is involved in a fire use: Fine water spray, normal foam, dry agent (carbon dioxide, dry chemical powder).

 Emergency procedures:

In the event of a spill or leak involving chlorine, persons not wearing protective equipment and fullyencapsulating, vapor-protective clothing should be restricted from contaminated areas until cleanup has been completed.
The following steps should be undertaken following a spill or leak:

 Clear area of all unprotected personel.

Evacuate personel from downwind areas.

Wear protective equipment to prevent skin and eye

contact and inhalation of vapours/dusts. Prevailing wind direction is important Notify safety personnel. Remove all sources of heat and ignition

 Keep all combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from the

leak. Ventilate potentially explosive atmospheres. Evacuate the spill area for at least 50 feet in all directions. Find and stop the leak if this can be done without risk; if not, move the leaking container to an isolated area until gas has dispersed. The cylinder may be allowed to empty through a reducing agent such as sodium bisulfide and sodium bicarbonate. Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not put water directly on the leak or spill area. Use fire hoses equipped with fog nozzles to disperse gas downwind.

 thanks