Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
What is Coal?
Coal:
A sedimentary rock that burns Mineralized vetegatative material deposited over a long period of time (although miniscule geologically) altered chemical composition Formed by increased Temperature and Pressure Partial decay resulting from restricted access to oxygen
Chemical composition
Element
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen
% range
83 to 87% 10 to 14% 0.1 to 2%
Oxygen
Sulfur Metals
0.1 to 1.5%
0.5 to 6% < 0.1%
TYPES OF COAL
Peat Lignite Sub-bituminous coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite
Incidents
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
60000
Incidents
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0 1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
Coke
Coke, hard, porous residue left after the destructive distillation of coal. Used as a reducing agent in the smelting of pig iron and as a fuel, coke is blackishgray and has a metallic luster. It is composed largely of carbon, usually about 92 %; most of the remainder is ash. When used as a fuel, it has a high heating value of 13,800 Btu/lb. Click here
Coal tar
Coal Tar, viscous black liquid produced in the destructive distillation of coal to make coke and gas. Coal tar is a complex mixture of organic compounds, mostly hydrocarbons. Its composition varies with the coal, the temperature at which it is formed, and the equipment used.
Coal gas
The most important coal-gasification processes aim chiefly at production of so-called pipeline quality gas, which is reasonably interchangeable with natural gas. Gas from coal, besides having pumping and heating specifications, must meet strict limits on content of carbon monoxide, sulfur, inert gases, and water. click to goback Click anywhere to view the data
Underground mining
Petroleum
Petroleum is a naturally occurring ,flammable liquid , that are found in geologic formations beneath the earth's surface. It was produced when sea creatures died and got covered with sand and clay. Under high pressure , these dead organisms changed into petroleum and natural gases.
Petroleum Resources
Conditions for source rock are rare Conditions for maturation must be just right Migration must not let petroleum escape to surface Trap must exist before migration occurs
PRODUCTS OF PETROLEUM
Ethane and other short-chain alkenes Diesel fuel (petro diesel) Fuel oils Gasoline (Petrol) Jet fuel Kerosene Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Lubricants (light machine oils, motor oils, and greases,). Wax, used in the packaging of frozen foods, among others. Sulfur or Sulfuric acid. Bulk tar.
USES OF PETROLEUM
Petroleum may be taken to oil refineries and the hydrocarbon chemicals separated by distillation and treated by other chemical processes, to be used for a variety of purposes like:
Asphalt Diesel fuelLiquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Lubricating oils Paraffin wax Tar Petrochemicals Fuel oils Gasoline Kerosene
Natural Gas
Natural Gas, flammable gaseous mixture consisting mostly of hydrocarbons is a fossil fuel. It may contain as much as 85 % methane (CH4) and about 10 % ethane (C2H6), and also contains smaller amounts of propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), pentane (C5H12), and other alkanes.It contains small amounts of impurities, including carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and nitrogen (N2). Natural gas, which is usually found together with petroleum deposits in Earths crust, is extracted and refined into fuels that provide approximately 25 % of the world energy supply.
The end