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How is Sound produced?

What are waves?

Waves transfer energy They can be transverse or longitudinal:

The motion of the wave is at a right angle to the direction of the wave

The motion of the wave is in the same direction as the wave

Air molecules

1) An object makes a sound by vibrating

2) The vibrations pass through air by making air molecules vibrate

3) These vibrations are picked up by the ear

How do these things produce sound?

Speed of Sound
Sound travels by particles vibrating. To understand this better you need to remember what the particles look like in a solid, liquid and a gas:

solid liquid gas Which state does sound travel fastest through? Why? Sound travels fastest through solids because the In which state are the particles closest together? particles are closer together than in a liquid andsolid a gas, so the vibrations are more easily furthest In which state are the particles passed from particle gas to particle. apart?

How fast? Air (330 metres per second)

Water (1500 metres per second)

Wood (3850 metres per second)

Speed of Sound
Sound in a Vacuum

Speed of Sound in Air = 330m/s

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Hearing and Noise

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What film is this? What does the caption say? Lets watch the trailer Think about why

Pitch and Intensity

Pitch (Frequency): high or low Intensity (Amplitude): loud or soft

Mouse

Rock Concert

Thunder
Cat Purring

How The Ear Works

1.Sound waves are collected by the ear lobe or pinna. 1 2 2.The waves travel along the ear canal. 3

6.The auditory nerve takes the signals to the brain. 4 6

5.The cochlea turns these into electrical 4.The small bones 3.The waves signals. amplify the make the ear vibrations. drum vibrate.

Audible Range
Audible Range = The frequency range over which we can hear. 20Hz 30,000Hz, for children. Decreases the older you get, to ~ 20,000Hz.

How loud are sounds?

Gunshot blast Aircraft overhead Max human voice A circular saw at 2m 150 140 120 100 80 60 Quiet countryside Personal stereo Permanent ear damage Loud bell

Recording 40 studio 20 Pin being dropped 10 0

Can just be heard

DOPPLER SHIFT
What happens to the frequency of the sound as the car moves toward and away from you? Draw the waves

As we go outside, consider:

Change in wavelength / frequency due to the relative motion of source and detector

DOPPLER SHIFT

DOPPLER EFFECT
Frequency is higher when moving toward you, lower when moving away.

DOPPLER EFFECT
How can a bat use the Doppler Shift to hunt? If the returning frequency is higher, then the object is getting closer (lower further away)

Loudness Scale

-measured in Decibels (dB)

Flattened Cilia

Fluid build-up/an infection

Inner Ear

Hearing Damage
Middle Ear
3-small bones (fused together)

Outer Ear
Wax build-up

Perforated ear drum

Audible Range
Which goes with which? Dog Mouse Bat Beluga Whale Chicken 1000Hz 67Hz 2000Hz to to 91,000Hz 125Hz to 45,000Hz 1000Hz 110,000Hz to 123,000Hz to 2,000Hz

Audible Range
Dog Mouse Bat 67Hz 1000Hz 2000Hz to to to to to 45,000Hz 91,000Hz 110,000Hz 123,000Hz 2,000Hz

Beluga Whale 1000Hz Chicken 125Hz

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Ultrasound
By the end of the lesson you should be able to: What is ultrasound? How is it useful? Key words: echolocation -Write down todays title, lesson objectives, key words and the date -Underline all of your work

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What is ultrasound?
Sound waves that have a frequency of above 20,000Hz There are many uses!
Bat echo location Dolphins finding fish Monitoring unborn babies and other soft internal tissue

Uses of ultrasound
By animals: Bats produce ultrasound pulses to detect prey (insects) and to navigate in dim light.

Uses of ultrasound
By animals: Dolphins produce ultrasound pulses to detect prey (fish) and to detect predators. It is possible that they use ultrasound to communicate.

Uses of ultrasound
Medicine: Observing unborn babies ultrasound can image a child in the womb to enable doctors to check their condition before birth.

Uses of ultrasound
Medicine: Observing soft tissue damage ultrasound can image the digestive tract and can be used to break down dangerous accumulations of minerals such as kidney stones

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Spare Slides

Whats vibrating? Why does it break?

http://www.wellesley.edu/Physics/Rberg/glass-shattering.mov

How The Ear Works

A. Sound travels along the ear canal and makes the eardrum vibrate. B. The electrical signals travel along the nerves to the brain. C. Eardrum vibrations are passed on, and magnified by three small bones. D. The ear catches sound and funnels it into the ear canal. E. The three bones touch one another and pass on the vibration. F. The vibrations turn into electrical signals in the inner ear.