Lesson 10

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP
Goals
Understand networking concepts Understand network protocols Identify the fundamentals of TCP/IP Configure TCP/IP Examine IP addressing in TCP/IP Troubleshoot TCP/IP Examine Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
10.1
2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP (Skill 1)
Introducing Networking Concepts

Basic concepts and terminology To understand how communication occurs in a Windows Server 2003 network, you must first understand some basic networking concepts, including several definitions
Protocol Packets Network interface card (NIC) Network Driver Interface Specifications (NDIS)
10.2
Introducing Networking Concepts (2)

Basic concepts and terminology
Protocol Provides a set of rules and standards for data transfer Computers must share at least one common protocol to exchange data Defines the methods of formatting data into discrete units, called packets (also known as datagrams, segments, or frames), transfers these units across networks, and provides the rules for interpreting them IP packet Consists of three sections: header, data, and footer (also known as the trailer) Packets are sent and received through network media
10.3

Network media Consists of physical wiring that can be made of copper, fiberoptic, or even wireless (radio wave-based or infrared) media This wiring is connected to a network interface card in the computer Network interface card (NIC) A computer can have more than one NIC installed Each NIC has a unique address called the media access control (MAC) address assigned by the manufacturer of the NIC Each NIC has a set of software drivers, which follow the NDIS standard for API development, to encode and decode data
10.4
The Internet Protocol Suit
10.5
Figure 10-1 Packet Structure

Binding A process that configures a protocol to make use of a specific NIC Provides information about available network services that client computers can use to make connections over a network During the installation of Windows Server 2003, each protocol that is installed is bound to the NIC Network Driver Interface Specifications (NDIS) allows you to bind multiple protocols to a NIC and enables each protocol to send information on the same network
10.6

Basic concepts and terminology Binding order
Establishes the protocol to use first when a network connection is established The client computer in an exchange determines the protocol to use to establish the connection You can manually change the binding order of the protocols to enhance network performance
10.7

Basic concepts and terminology Networks are classified into three types based on the location and proximity of the computers
Local Area Network (LAN): Used to connect computers, printers, and other devices in the same physical location or within a limited geographic area, such as an office building Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): When you connect two or more LANs within the same city, the resulting network is known as a MAN Wide Area Network (WAN): When you connect two or more geographically separated LANs or MANs, the resulting network is called a WAN
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Basic concepts and terminology Network topologies
The cables that join computers in a network can have different layouts called network topologies Network topologies are often separated into two types
Physical network topology describes how the devices are cabled Logical network topology describes the logical path each packet will take across the network
10.9

Network topologies - Bus In a bus/bus (physical bus, logical bus) topology, such as 10Base-2 or Thin Ethernet, the nodes (all devices that are capable of communicating on the network) are wired in a bus, meaning they all connect to the same physical cable This type of physical topology requires that each end of the bus be terminated to prevent signals from rebounding at the end of each bus and causing signal errors This is also a logical bus, because each data transmission must pass through each computer regardless of the final destination
10.10
Introducing Networking Concepts ( 9)

Basic concepts and terminology Network topologies - Ring
In a physical ring topology, adjacent devices are connected and the nodes are arranged in a circular shape Each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it, and no terminator is necessary, which is sometimes referred to as a closed loop configuration Messages travel around the ring and each node will receive all messages, but each node only listens to messages that are addressed to it
10.11
Use the Up and Down arrow buttons to change the order in which protocols are bound to the NIC
Figure 10-2 Changing the binding order

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Figure 10-3 Bus network topology
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Figure 10-4 Ring network topology
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Basic concepts and terminology Routable protocols
Can route through LANs and WANs via a router Examples include TCP/IP and NWLink (MS version of Novell)
Non-routable protocols
Can only be used on a local subnet Examples include NetBEUI and Data Link Control (DLC), which are quickly becoming obsolete (Network communication protocols)
10.15

Transport protocols
Connection-oriented protocol
Establishes a confirmed connection with the destination computer Transfers data in three steps: connection establishment, data transfer, and connection release
Connectionless protocol
No connection is established between the communicating devices No notification that the data packets were received Connectionless protocols are like delivering mail where a letter is dropped into the mailbox without confirming that the letter has reached its destination
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Supported by Windows XP, Windows XP Professional, and Windows Server 2003
Figure 10-5 DLC Protocol for Windows XP

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Figure 10-6 Connection-oriented protocols

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Introducing Network Protocols

All versions of Windows Server 2003 support the installation of the following protocols
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) AppleTalk NWLink IPX/SPX/NetBIOS Compatible Transport protocol Microsoft TCP/IP version 6 Network Monitor Driver Reliable Multicast Protocol
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Figure 10-7 Windows Server 2003 network protocols

10.20
Identifying the Fundamentals of TCP/IP

TCP/IP protocol Consists of a suite of protocols used to provide connectivity across operating systems and hardware platforms Is scalable, which means you can implement it in different types of networks, from small offices to large corporations Is the core protocol for the Internet Provides reliable data transfer because it is a routable protocol
10.21
Identifying the Fundamentals of TCP/IP (2)

TCP/IP suite of protocols Based on a four-layered conceptual model called the DOD (Department of Defense) model (Internet Model) Layers
Network Interface Layer Internet Layer Transport Layer Application Layer
Theres also the Physical layer

RS-232C Cat 5 cable V.92
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Figure 10-8 The DOD model
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Network Interface Layer (DOD model) Physical layer Places TCP/IP packets on the network medium and receives them off the network medium Also known as the Network Access Layer Located at the base of the DOD model
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Internet Layer (DOD model)
Responsible for addressing and routing IP datagrams Each packet being sent or received is called an IP datagram An IP datagram contains information about the source and destination addresses that are used to transfer data between computers on a network and across networks Supported protocols
Internet Protocol (IP) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
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Transport Layer (DOD model) Provides the Application layer with session and datagram communication services The connection is established between the communicating computers using the following protocols
TCP UDP Pragmatic General Multicast (PGM)
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Application Layer (DOD model) Located at the top of the DOD model Enables applications to access the services of the other layers Defines the protocols that applications must use to exchange data Common Application Layer protocols
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Telnet
10.27

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model Another model used to conceptualize network communications Uses a seven-layered networking framework In this model, data transmission begins at the Application layer in the sending device and moves layer by layer to the bottommost Physical layer Each layer in the DOD model corresponds to one or more layers in the OSI model
10.28

OSI model layers
Application (Layer 7) provides services to applications Presentation (Layer 6) converts data Session (Layer 5) enables data transport Transport (Layer 4) supplies control for all communications Network (Layer 3) manages logical addressing and routing Data Link (Layer 2) supplies error control and handles data frames Physical (Layer 1) connects the networking component to the media used to transmit data
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Figure 10-9 The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model
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Figure 10-10 Data flow in the OSI model

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Figure 10-11 The OSI model and the TCP/IP protocol suite
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Application layer (DOD model) Corresponds to the Application, Presentation and Session layers is the OSI model Provides services that are used to access and manage resources on TCP/IP networks
DNS (Domain Name System) Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
10.33

Application layer (DOD model) Allows applications to access the services provided by TCP/IP protocols through application programming interfaces (APIs)
An API consists of a set of functions and commands that are called by an application code to perform network functions Examples of APIs
Windows Sockets (Winsock) .NET Framework classes
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Figure 10-12 The .Net framework
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Configuring TCP/IP
TCP/IP protocol is installed by default during the installation of Windows Server 2003 You need to configure the TCP/IP parameters to enable communication between hosts on your network Two addressing schemes
Static IP addressing scheme in which you have to manually assign IP addresses to every network host Dynamic IP addressing, in which an IP address is assigned to a host each time it logs on to the network
10.36
Configuring TCP/IP (2)

Static IP addressing
TCP/IP parameters to configure IP address: A 32-bit number divided into 4 octets with two parts
Network ID (also known as the network address) identifies all hosts on the network Host ID identifies a specific host
Subnet mask: A 32-bit value that distinguishes the network ID from the host ID, regardless of whether classful or classless IP addresses are being used Default gateway: The default router for a TCP/IP host, which is used to access any network that is not specifically defined in the hosts routing table
10.37

Names associated with a computer
(Skill 4)
Host name is used for computers that use DNS NetBIOS name is used for older Windows networks
Name resolution is a process used to map computer names to IP addresses NetBIOS name resolution methods
Broadcast LMHOSTs file WINS

Host name resolution methods
HOSTs file DNS
10.38

Guidelines for planning the IP addressing scheme
(Skill 4)
The IP address range 127.0.0.0-127.255.255.254 cannot be used It is set aside for IP loopback function, which is used to diagnose network connectivity problems Use the Ping utility with any loopback address to determine if the local host is correctly configured to connect to the TCP/IP network There are several groups of reserved IP addresses (private addresses) These can only be used on private networks They cannot be used on the Internet IP addresses in the range of 169.254.0.0-169.254.255.255 are reserved for Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
10.39
Click to open the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box
Figure 10-13 The Local Area Connection Properties dialog box

10.40
Use to manually enter a static IP Address for a preferred and an alternate DNS server
Figure 10-14 The Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box

10.41
Introducing IP Addressing in TCP/IP

Computers that use the TCP/IP protocol must have an IP address that identifies them on the network
An IP address is a 32-bit number that is written as four octets separated by periods Each octet is an 8-bit binary number, which represents a decimal number in the range 0-255 To convert an IP address to a binary number, you must understand that each octet is written in base 10 and must be converted to base 2
10.42
Introducing IP Addressing in TCP/IP (2)

Classful IP addressing
The first major addressing scheme used for the Internet Address classes Class A: Has an 8-bit network ID hosts per network; supports up to 126 networks with up to 16,777,214 hosts per network Class B: Has a 16-bit network ID; supports up to 16,384 networks with up to 65,534 hosts per network Class C: Has a 24-bit network ID; supports up to 2,097,152 networks with up to 254 hosts per network Class D: Used for multicasting applications Class E: Used for experimental purposes
10.43

Subnet mask Breaks up an IP address into the network ID and host ID To determine the network ID, you perform what is referred to as a logical AND operation between the IP address and the subnet mask You can add additional bits to the default subnet mask for a particular class to subnet a network When you subnet a network, you are simply splitting it up into smaller networks
10.44

Classless IP addressing
When you use an IP address with a subnet mask that is not one of the defaults and you perform the logical AND operation, the result is that the host bits are broken up into two parts: a subnet ID and a host ID This type of IP addressing is called classless IP addressing Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) The Internet routing method that uses classless IP addressing to allow for the more flexible and efficient allocation of IP addresses CIDR notation uses a slash followed by the number of bits in the network ID; the number following the slash notation is referred to as the network prefix
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Figure 10-15 Converting Decimal to Binary

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Figure 10-16 Each resource on a network has a different host ID
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Figure 10-17 Classless IP Addressing
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Figure 10-18 Determining Subnets
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Figure 10-19 Subnet Ranges
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Troubleshooting TCP/IP
Troubleshooting utilities Included with Windows Server 2003 to solve communications problems
Hostname Ping Pathping Ipconfig Tracert Arp Route manipulate network routing tables
All run from the command prompt

10.51
Troubleshooting TCP/IP (2)

Hostname displays the host name for the local computer Ping
Verifies the host computer can connect to the TCP/IP network Diagnoses network connectivity problems You enter the IP address or the name of the computer you are testing for connectivity using the syntax ping IP_address or ping host_name
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Figure 10-20 The ping loopback command
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ARP is used to display and modify the IP address to physical address (MAC address) translation tables used by Address Resolution Protocol Ipconfig
Provides information about the host computer configuration, IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway You can display a summary of the TCP/IP configuration of your computer by typing ipconfig at the command prompt
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Figure 10-21 Using the arp a command to view the contents of the ARP cache
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Figure 10-22 Using the Ipconfig command to display a summary of the TCP/IP configuration
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Tracert
Used to search the route taken when data is transferred between communicating devices Provides information about the links where communication failed Displays the Fully Qualified Domain Name, if possible, and IP address of each gateway along the route to a remote host
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Pathping
A combination of Ping and Tracert Provides a statistical analysis of results over a period of time, generally around 25 seconds per hop The time period can vary depending upon how many jumps must be analyzed Displays the computer name and IP address for each jump Calculates the percentage of lost/sent packets to each router or link, making it easier to determine where the network problem is located
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Route
Used to display and modify the local routing table You can use it to set the route you want packets to take to a particular network, including the default gateway To display the routing table on your computer, type route print at the command prompt
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Figure 10-23 Using Route print to display the routing table on your computer
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Figure 10-24 Ipconfig /all

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Figure 10-25(a) Using Tracerttwo different paths to same end host
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Figure 10-25(b) Using Tracerttwo different paths to same end host
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Figure 10-26(a) Using Pathpingtwo different paths to same end host
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Figure 10-26(b) Using Pathpingtwo different paths to same end host

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Introducing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Many network administrators prefer to automate the process of assigning IP addresses
Avoids assigning duplicate IP addresses Saves time
You automate, centralize, and simplify the process of allocating IP addresses using the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
10.66
Introducing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) (2)

DHCP server database information Pool of IP addresses (the scope) Configuration parameters, such as the address of a default gateway, a DNS server, and a WINS server either for each scope or for all scopes Duration of the lease for each scope offered by the DHCP server
10.67
Introducing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) (3)

With a DHCP server installed and configured on your network, DHCP clients can obtain their IP address and related configuration parameters dynamically each time they boot up and when half of the DHCP lease time has expired A DHCP lease is the amount of time that the DHCP server allows the DHCP client to use a particular IP address The DHCP lease process occurs in four steps
DHCPDISCOVER DHCPOFFER DHCPREQUEST DHCPACKnowledgement
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Figure 10-27 Releasing and renewing an IP address
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Click to open the Networking Services dialog box
Figure 10-28 Adding a networking service
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Figure 10-29 Adding the DHCP service
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Figure 10-30 Creating a new scope
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Enter the start and end IP addresses for the scope
Figure 10-31 The IP Address Range screen
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Click to resolve the DNS server name to its IP address, and enter it in the IP address text box
Figure 10-32 The Domain Name and DNS Servers screen
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Figure 10-33 Activating a scope
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Figure 10-34 Authorizing the DHCP server
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Lesson 10

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Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP (Skill 1)

Introducing Networking Concepts

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP

Introducing Networking Concepts (2)

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP (Skill 1)

Introducing Networking Concepts (3)

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP

The Internet Protocol Suit

Figure 10-1 Packet Structure

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP

Introducing Networking Concepts (4)

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP

Introducing Networking Concepts (5)

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP (Skill 1)

Introducing Networking Concepts (6)

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP (Skill 1)

Introducing Networking Concepts (7)

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP (Skill 1)

Introducing Networking Concepts (8)

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP (Skill 1)

Introducing Networking Concepts ( 9)

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP (Skill 1)

Figure 10-2 Changing the binding order

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP (Skill 1)

Figure 10-3 Bus network topology

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP (Skill 1)

Figure 10-4 Ring network topology

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP

Introducing Networking Concepts (10)

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP

Introducing Networking Concepts (11)

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP

Supported by Windows XP, Windows XP Professional, and Windows Server 2003

Figure 10-5 DLC Protocol for Windows XP

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP

Figure 10-6 Connection-oriented protocols

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP

Introducing Network Protocols

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP

Figure 10-7 Windows Server 2003 network protocols

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP

Identifying the Fundamentals of TCP/IP

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP

Identifying the Fundamentals of TCP/IP (2)

Theres also the Physical layer

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lesson 10: Exploring TCP/IP and DHCP

Figure 10-8 The DOD model