THE SECOND LAW OF TMERMODYNAMICS-3

The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law

Clausius statement...

Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki

Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law

Clausius statement

It is impossible for any system to operate in such a way that the sole result would be an energy transfer by heat from a cooler to a hotter body.
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law

Clausius Statement - foundations

Heat will generally flow from a hot region to a cold region, i.e., in the direction of decreasing temperature. Recall the development of the Zeroth Law.
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law

Clausius Statement - foundations

If we put a cyclic heat pump between two thermal reservoirs, then we can get heat to flow toward the higher temperature.
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law

Schematic of heat pump/refrigeration cycle to raise heat to the high temperature reservoir.
High Temperature reservoir

Cycle

Q
Cycle

Q1
Wcycle Q2
Low Temperature Reservoir

Q1,cycle Q2,cycle Wcycle

Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki

Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law

Kelvin-Planck statement...

Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki

Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law

Kelvin-Planck Statement

It is impossible for any system to operate in a thermodynamic cycle and deliver a net amount of work to its surroundings while receiving energy by heat transfer from a single thermal reservoir.
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law

Kelvin-Planck statement - foundations

cycle

cycle

But.these types of systems are never practically possible.

Thermal Reservoir
Q2 Q1

Wcycle
Pulley

System
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki

Mass
Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law

Equivalence...
The internal self consistency of the two statements of the Second Law
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law

 The two statements of the Second Law are internally consistent, or equivalent. Assume a violation of one form and prove the violation of the other.
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law

TH

TH

Q
TC

Wcycle
Q
TC
Cyclic heat engine, E, is added to produce work.
Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law

Heat flow from a low to a higher temperature: A violation of the Clausius Statement
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki

Cyclic heat engine, E, violates the Kelvin-Planck form of the Second Law. TH

Q W
E

cycle

Wcycle
TC

Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki

Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law

The net effect is the extraction of heat from the reservoir at TH and the performance of an equal amount of work, Wcycle.

TH

Cycle
E

W
Cycle

Q1,Cycle Q2,Cycle WCycle

Wcycle Q
Assume that a cyclic engine exists that withdraws heat from a single reservoir and does and equivalent amount of work and thus violates the Kelvin-Planck form of the Second Law.
Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law

Cyclic heat engine, E, plus the refrigerator violates the Clausius form of the Second Law. The net effective is the transfer of heat QC-H from a low to high temperature without net work being done.

TH

Q Wcycle
E

C H Wcycle Q
Wcycle

QC H
Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law

Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki

TC

Key concepts and terms The Second Law - Clausius Statement The Second Law - Kelvin-Planck Statement

Instructors Visual Aids Heat, Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics 2001, F. A. Kulacki

Chapter 5 Module3 Slide # The Second Law of Thermodynamics -The Equivalence of the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of the Second Law