Stress Transformation

9.1-9.3
Plane Stress
Stress Transformation in Plane Stress
Principal Stresses & Maximum Shear Stress


Introduction
We have learned
Axially
In Torsion
In bending
These stresses act on cross sections of
the members.
Larger stresses can occur on inclined
sections.
Introduction
We will look at stress elements to
analyze the state of stress produce by a
single type of load or by a combination
of loads.
From the stress element, we will derive
the Transformation Equations
Give the stresses acting on the sides of an
element oriented in a different direction.
Introduction
Stress elements: only one intrinsic state of
stress exists at a point in a stressed body,
regardless of the orientation of the element
for that state of stress.
Two elements with different orientations at
the same point in a body, the stress acting on
the faces of the two elements are different,
but represent the same state of stress
The stress at the point under consideration.

Introduction
Remember, stresses are not vectors.
Are represented like a vector with
magnitude and direction
Do not combine with vector algebra
Stresses are much more complex
quantities than vectors
Are called Tensors (like strain and I)
Plane Stress
Plane Stress The state of stress
when we analyzed bars in tension
and compression, shafts in torsion,
and beams in bending.
Consider a 3 dimensional stress
element
Material is in plane stress in the xy
plane
Only the x and y faces of the element
are subjected to stresses
All stresses act parallel to the x and y
axis
Plane Stress
Normal stress
subscript identifies the face on which the
stress acts
Sign Convention
Tension positive
compression negative

x
o
Plane Stress
Shear Stress -
Two subscripts
First denotes the face on which the stress acts
Second gives the direction on that face
Sign convention
Positive when acts on a positive face of an
element in the positive direction of an axis (++)
or (--)
Negative when acts on a positive face of an
element in the negative direction of an axis (+-)
or (-+)
xy
t
Plane Stress
A 2-dimensional
view can depict the
relevant stress
information, fig. 9.1c
Special cases
Uniaxial Stress
Pure shear
Biaxial stress
Stresses on Inclined Planes
First we know o
x
, o
y
, and
t
xy
,
Consider a new stress
element
Located at the same point in
the material as the original
element, but is rotated
about the z axis
x and y axis rotated
through an angle u

Stresses on Inclined Planes
The normal and shear stresses acting
on they new element are:

Using the same subscript designations
and sign conventions described.
Remembering equilibrium, we know
that:
' ' ' '
, ,
y x y x
t o o
' ' ' '
x y y x
t t =
Stresses on Inclined Planes
The stresses in the xy
plane can be expressed in
terms of the stresses on
the xy element by using
equilibrium.
Consider a wedge shaped
element
Inclined face same as the x
face of inclined element.
Stresses on Inclined Planes
Construct a FBD showing all the
forces acting on the faces
The sectioned face is AA.
Then the normal and shear
forces can be represented on
the FBD.
Summing forces in the x and y
directions and remembering
trig identities, we get:
u t u
o o
t
u t u
o o o o
o
2 cos 2 sin
2
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
xy
y x
y x
xy
y x y x
x
+

=
+

+
+
=
' '
'
Stresses on Inclined Planes
These are called the transformation equations
for plane stress.
They transfer the stress component form one set
of axes to another.
The state of stress remains the same.
Based only on equilibrium, do not depend on
material properties or geometry
There are Strain Transformation equations that
are based solely on the geometry of deformation.

Stresses on Inclined Planes
Special case simplifications
Uniaxial stress- o
y
& T
xy
= 0
Pure Shear - o
x
&

o
y
= 0
Biaxial stress - T
xy
= 0

Transformation equations are simplified
accordingly.
Principal & Maximum Shear
Stresses
Since a structural member can fail due
to excessive normal or shear stress, we
need to know what the maximum
normal and stresses are at a point.
We will determine the maximum and
minimum stress planes for which
maximum and minimum normal and
shear stresses act.
Principal & Maximum Shear
Stresses
Principal stresses maximum and minimum
normal stresses.
Occurs on planes where:
Applying to eq 9.1 we get:


u
p
=the orientation of the principal planes
The planes on which the principal stresses act.
0
'
=
u
o
d
d
x
( )
y x
xy
p
o o
t
u

=
2
2 tan
Principal & Maximum Shear
Stresses
Two values of the angle 2u
p
are obtained
from the equation.
One value 0-180, other 180-360
Therefore u
p
has two values 0-90 & 90-180
Values are called Principal Angles.
For one angle o
x
is maximum, the other o
x
is
minimum.
Therefore: Principal stresses occur on
mutually perpendicular planes.
Principal & Maximum Shear
Stresses
We could find the principal stress by
substituting this angle into the
transformation equation and solving
Or we could derive general formulas for
the principal stresses.
Principal Stresses
Consider the right triangle
Using the trig from the triangle
and substituting into the
transformation equation for
normal stress, we get



Formula for principal stresses.

2
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x
t
o o o o
o +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
Shear Stresses on the
Principal Planes
If we set the shear stress t
xy
equal to
zero in the transformation equation and
solve for 2u, we get equation 9-4.
The angles to the planes of zero shear
stress are the same as the angles to the
principal planes
Therefore:The shear stresses are zero on
the principal planes
The Third Principal Stress
We looked only at the xy plane rotating about
the z-axis.
Equations derived are in-plane principal
stresses
BUT, stress element is 3D and has 3 principal
stresses.
By Eigenvalue analysis it can be shown that
o
z
=0 when oriented on the principal plane.
Maximum In-Plane Shear
Stress
Consider the maximum shear stress and
the plane on which they act.
The shear stresses are given by the
transformation equations.
Taking the derivative of t
xy
with
respect to u and setting it equal to zero
we can derive equation 9-7
t
Maximum Shear Stress
The maximum negative shear stress t
min

has the same magnitude but opposite
sign.
The planes of maximum shear stress
occur at 45 to the principal planes

Maximum Shear Stress
If we use equation 9-5, subtract o
2

from o
1
, and compare with equation 9-
7, we see that:


Maximum shear stress is equal to the
difference of the principal shear stress.

2
2 1
max
o o
t

=
Average Normal Stress
The planes of maximum shear stress
also contain normal stresses.
Normal stresses acting on the planes of
maximum positive shear stress can be
determined by substituting the
expressions for the angle u
s
into the
equations for o
x
.
Result is Equation 9-8.
Important Points
The principal stresses are the max and min normal
stress at a point
When the state of stress is represented by the
principal stresses, no shear stress acts on the
element
The state of stress at the point can also be
represented in terms of max in-plane shear stress.
In this case an average normal stress also acts on
the element
The element in max in-plane shear stress is oriented
45 from the element in principal stresses.