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Mid-Term 01/29/2013
Overview
Receptor Classification
Properties and types
Properties of Receptors
Sensory transduction
convert stimulus energy into nerve energy
Receptor potential
local electrical change in receptor cell
Adaptation
conscious sensation declines with continued stimulation
Intensity
frequency, number of fibers and which fibers
Receptive Fields
Receptor Types
By modality:
chemo-, thermo-, mechano-, photo- receptors and nociceptors
By origin of stimuli
interoceptors - detect internal stimuli proprioceptors - sense body position and movements exteroceptors - detect external stimuli
By distribution
general senses - widely distributed special senses - limited to head
Tactile discs
Tonic for light touch
Hair receptors
Pacinian corpuscles
Phasic for deep pressure, stretch, tickle, vibration
Ruffini endings
Tonic for heavy touch, pressure and joint movement
Pain
Nociceptors allow awareness of tissue injuries
found in all tissues except the brain
Somatic pain from skin, muscles and joints Visceral pain from stretch, chemical irritants or ischemia of viscera (poorly localized) Injured tissues release chemicals that stimulate pain fibers (bradykinin, histamine, prostaglandin)
Referred Pain
Misinterpreted pain
brain assumes visceral pain is coming from skin heart pain felt in shoulder or arm because both send pain input to spinal cord segments T1 to T5
Chemical Senses
Smell
Describe the olfactory receptors and the neural pathways for olfaction
Taste
Describe the gustatory receptors and the neural pathways for gustation
Activate G protein and cAMP system Opens ion channels for Na+ or Ca2+
creates a receptor potential
Odors from food can pass into nasal cavity where they stimulate olfactory receptors. Olfaction is more sensitive than taste, food may stimulate olfaction over taste. People with colds may complain that they cannot taste their food. This is due to blocking olfaction, not taste
vallate (circumvallate)
at rear of tongue contains 1/2 of taste buds
Physiology of Taste
Three cranial nerves contain axons of 1st order gustatory neurons from taste buds.
Facial Glossopharyngeal Vagus
Transfer signals to medulla oblongata Signal then goes to hypothalamus (salivation) or thalamus. Thalamus to parietal lobe of cerebrum (conscious of the taste).
Taste Aversion
Strong link between taste and pleasant or unpleasant emotions Sweet tastes evoke pleasure, bitter evokes disgust. Taste aversion: avoiding foods if it upset digestive system. Advantage: longer survival of species Disadvantage: Radiation Rx cause taste aversion in patients
Vision
Objectives:
List and describe the accessory structures of the eye and the structural components of the eyeball Describe the neural pathway for vision
Accessory Structures
Eyelids
Palbebral fissure
Lateral commissure Medial commissure
Conjunctiva
Mucous membrane, vascular Bloodshot eyes
Eyelashes/Eyebrows
Protect from foreign objects, perspiration and the direct rays of the sun
Accessory Structures
Lacrimal Apparatus
Produces and drains tears. Lacrimal gland
Fluid that contains a bactericidal enzyme
Moves medially to Lacrimal punctum Drains into lacrimal sac and then into nasolacrimal duct
Accessory Stuctures
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Superior rectus Inferior rectus Lateral rectus Medial rectus Superior oblique Inferior oblique
Fibrous tunic
Cornea
Allows light in
Sclera
Shape of eyeball White of the eye
Vascular tunic
Choroid Ciliary body Iris
Pupil Circular muscles
Constriction Dilation
Retina
Posterior of inner eyeball Optic part has two layers
Pigmented layer
Absorbs scattered light in eyeball, keeps image sharp
Neural layer
Multilayered outgrowth of brain, process visual image before sending impulses to optic nerve
Detached retina
Detached between two layers Distorted vision and blindness in corresponding field of vision Re-attached through laser surgery
Lens
Posterior to pupil and iris Focus images on the retina to facilitate clear vision
Vitreous chamber
Vitreous body to keep shape of eyeball and keep retina attached to choroid
Auditory canal
Cochlea
Transmission of sound
Equilibrium Pathways
Vestibular apparatus
Semicircular ducts
Static equilibrium
Saccule and utricle are responsible
Dynamic equilibrium
Semicircular ducts are responbible