An operation is an action performed on one or more values either to modify the value held by one or both of the values

or to produce a new value by combining values. Therefore, an operation is performed by using at least one symbol and one value. The symbol used in an operation is called an operator. A value involved in an operation is called an operand.

Like every language, SQL has some words used to carry its various operations. One of these words isPRINT. To display something in plain text as a result of a statement, type PRINT followed by what to display. Therefore, PRINT uses the following formula: PRINT WhatToPrint

The item to display can be anything that is allowed and it is provided on the right side ofPRINT. If it is a regular constant number, simply type it on the right side of PRINT. Here is an example:

SELECT Anything SELECT operator can be used, among other things, to display a value. The SELECT keyword uses the following syntax: SELECT What Based on this, to use it, where it is needed, type SELECT followed by a number, a word, a string, or an expression. The item to display follows some of the same rules as PRINT. Some of the differences between PRINT and SELECT are:

PRINT is mostly used for testing a simple value, a string, or an expression. Therefore, it displays its results in a regular white window under a tab labeled Messages. PRINT can be used with only one value SELECT is the most regularly used SQL operator. SELECT displays its results in an organized window made of categories, under a tab labeled Results. SELECT can be used with more than one value As done for PRINT, to display a sentence using SELECT, type it in single-quotes on the right side of this operator. Here is an executed example:

SELECT This AS That In the above introductions, we used either PRINT or SELECT to display something in the Query Editor. One of the characteristics of SELECT is that it can segment its result in different sections. SELECT represents each value in a section called a column. Each column is represented with a name also called a caption. By default, the caption displays as "(No column name)". If you want to use your own caption, on the right side of an expression, type the AS keyword followed by the desired caption. The item on the right side of the AS keyword must be considered as one word. Here is an example: SELECT 24.85 AS HourlySalary; This would produce:

There are three ways you can specify the item after AS. You can include the item: In single-quotes. Here is an example:
SELECT 24.85 AS 'HourlySalary';

Inside of an opening square bracket "[" and a closing square bracket "]". Here is an example:
SELECT 24.85 AS [Hourly Salary];

If you create different sections, separated by a comma, you can follow each with AS and a caption. Here is an example: SELECT 'James Knight' As FullName, 20.48 AS Salary; This would produce:

The above statement could also be written as follows:

SELECT 'James Knight' As [Full Name], 20.48 AS [Hourly Salary];

Inside of double-quotes. Here is an example: SELECT 24.85 AS "HourlySalary";

Unary Operators
1.The Positive Operator + 2. The Negative Operator -

Binary Operators The Addition

The addition, also called the sum, is an operation used to add one item to another. The addition is performed using the + sign. To get the addition of two values, you type + between them, as in Value1 to Value2. After the addition has been performed, you get a new value that you can make available or display to the user. You can perform the addition on two numbers. Here is an example: PRINT 125 + 4088 In Transact-SQL, you can also perform the addition on text. Here is an example: PRINT N'Henry ' + 'Kono' You can also add more than two values, like a + b + c. The order you use to add two or more values doesn't matter. This means Value1 + Value2 is the same as Value2 + Value1. In the same way a + b + c is the same as a + c + b the same as b + a + c and the same as c + b + a.

The Subtraction

The subtraction operation, sometimes called the difference, is used to take out or subtract one value from another value. It is essentially the opposite of the addition. The subtraction is performed with the - sign. Here is an example: PRINT 1240 - 608 Unlike the addition, the subtraction operation is not associative. This means that a - b - c is not necessarily equal to c - b - a. This is illustrated in the following statements: PRINT 128 - 42 - 5 PRINT 5 - 42 - 128

This would produce: 81 -165

Notice that both operations of the addition convey the same result. In the subtraction section, the numbers follow the same order but a different operation; and the last two operations render different results.

The Multiplication

The multiplication allows adding one value to itself a certain number of times, set by a second value. As an example, instead of adding a value to itself in this manner: a + a + a + a, since the variable a is repeated over and over again, you could simply find out how many times a is added to itself, then multiply a by that number which, is this case, is 4. This would mean adding a to itself 4 times, and you would get the same result. The multiplication is performed with the * sign. Just like the addition, the multiplication is associative: a * b * c = c * b * a. Here is an example: PRINT 128 * 42 This would produce 5376

The Division

The division operation is similar to cutting an item in pieces or fractions of a set value. Therefore, the division is used to get the fraction of one number in terms of another. The division is performed with the forward slash /. Here is an example: PRINT 128 / 42 This would produce 3 When performing the division, be aware of its many rules. Never divide by zero (0). Make sure that you know the relationship(s) between the numbers involved in the operation.

The Modulo
In the above division, 128/42, the result is 3. When you multiply 42 by 3, as in 42*3, you get 126. In some cases, you may be interested in knowing the amount that was left out after the operation. The modulo operation is used to get the remainder of a division as a natural number. The remainder operation is performed with the percent sign (%). Here is an example: PRINT 128 % 42 This would produce 2.

The Parentheses
Like most computer languages, Transact-SQL uses parentheses to isolate a group of items that must be considered as belonging to one entity. For example, as we will learn soon, parentheses allow a function to delimit the list of its arguments. Parentheses can also be used to isolate an operation or an expression with regards to another operation or expression. For example, when studying the algebraic operations, we saw that the subtraction is not associative and can lead to unpredictable results. In the same way, if your operation involves various operators such as a mix of addition(s) and subtraction(s), you can use parentheses to specify how to proceed with the operations, that is, what operation should (must) be performed first. Here is an example: PRINT (154 - 12) + 8 PRINT 154 - (12 + 8)

This would produce: 150 134 As you can see, using the parentheses controls how the whole operation would proceed. This difference can be even more accentuated if your operation includes 3 or more operators and 4 or more operands. Here is another example of a nested SELECT statement that uses parentheses: SELECT (SELECT 448.25 * 3) + (SELECT 82.28 - 36.04); GO