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Possible Materials
304L& 316L used for vast majority of applications 6% Mo or super-austenitic SS Duplex stainless steels Ni-Cr-Mo nickel alloys Commercially pure titanium
Service Considerations
304L vs 316L Mo (2-3%) in 316L improves pitting & crevice cor. resist. Both sensitive to stress cor. cracking over about 150oF Duplex SS good resist. to SCC Higher chlorides, low pH may require 6% Mo SS or Ni-Cr-Mo or titanium
Welded by gas tungsten arc welding (TIG) Lines designed for CIP Inside of tube welds often not accessible for grinding or inspection
AWS D18.2
Guide to Weld Discoloration Levels on Inside of Austenitic Stainless Steel Tube
Welding Qualifications
Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) - for each type of weld Performance Qualification - to test welders ability Preconstruction Weld Samples (PWS) - 3 welds made by each welder to aid in evaluating production welds
AWS D18.2 (1999): Heat Tint Levels on the Inside of Welded 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel Tube
The Sample Numbers refer to the amount of oxygen in the purging gas: No.1- 10ppm No.2 - 25ppm No.3 - 50ppm No.4 - 100ppm No.5 - 200ppm No.6 - 500ppm No. 7 - 1000ppm No.8 - 5000ppm No.9 -12500ppm No.10 -. 25000ppm Note: welds on type 304L SS showed no significant difference in heat tint colour from type 316L.
6% Mo or Superaustenitic SS
Typically: 21 Cr, 24 Ni, 6 Mo, 0.2 N Areas for 6% Mo not handled by 316 - high chlorides ~ over 1000 ppm - low pH environments - where better pitting, crevice and stress corrosion cracking resistance is required
Welding 6% Mo SS
Use over-alloyed filler metal minimum of 9% Mo Ni-Cr-Mo alloy GTAW welding procedures similar to that for 304/316 except: - preferably avoid autogenous welds to avoid lower corrosion resistance - somewhat lower heat input and interpass temperature
Duplex SS (cont.)
Stress corrosion cracking resistance substantially better than 304/316 Pitting & crevice cor. Resistance equal or better than 316 in many media Good resistance to erosion & abrasion
Duplex SS - Welding
To avoid high ferrite in welds, filler metals with higher nickel used ~ 2209 with 9% Ni Avoid loosing N in weld N backing common Heat input 15 to 65 kJ/in Interpass temperature 300F typical