Electronic Communications Systems

Wayne Tomasi
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Definition
Satellite is a celestial body that orbits around a planet.
Natural Satellite
Artificial satellite
Passive
Active
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
In 1954, the moon became the first passive satellite
1957, Russia launched Sputnik 1, the first active earth
satellite which transmitted telemetry information for
21 days.
1958, NASA launched Score, which recorded and
rebroadcasted Pres. Eisenhower Christmas message.
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Short History
1960, NASA launched Echo, a 100ft diameter balloon
with aluminum coating which is used for the first
transatlantic transmission. Also Courier, the first
transponder type satellite which transmitted 3W of
power for 17 days, was launched by DoD.
1962, AT&T launched Telstar I, the first satellite to
simultaneously receive and transmit signals and was
destroyed by Van Allen belt radiation .
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Short History
1963, Telstar II was launched and was the first to
transmit transatlantic video signals.
1963, Syncom I was the first attempt to place
geosynchronous satellite into orbit and was lost during
injection.
In 1964, Tokyo Olympics was broadcast using Syncom
III which was launched in August 1964
1965, Intelsat (Early Bird) was the first commercial
satellite with two transponders and a 25-MHz
bandwidth to carry one TV and 480 voice channels.
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Short History
In 1966, Soviet Union launched the first set of
domestic satellites (Domsats), called Molniya
lightning, which are owned operated and used by a
single country.
1972, Anik little brother which is Canadas first
commercial satellite was launched
1975, Western Unions Westar was launched

Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Short History
Satellites remain in orbit following German
astronomer Johannes Keplers Laws. Keplers laws can
be applied to any two bodies in space that interact
through gravitation.
1. Satellites will orbit a primary body following an
elliptical path
2. For equal intervals of time, a satellite will sweep out
equal areas in the orbital plane, focused at the
barycenter.
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Keplers laws
3. The square of the time of revolution of a planet
divided by the cube of its mean distance from the
sun gives a number that is the same for all planets
(also known as Harmonic Law).
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
3
2
AP = o
s) (kilometer axis semimajor = o
) 56 23 ( day sidereal one of ratio the days earth solar mean Min H t P
s
= = =
9972 . 0 ) 24 ( axis own its earth to of revolution one of time the to = = H t
S
42241.0979 constant= = A
Keplers laws
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
F1
F2
Center of
Ellipse
Semimajor
Axis,
Semiminor
Axis,
Keplers laws
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
D
1
V
1
D
2
V
2
Earth
orbit
A
1
A
2
Keplers laws
Satellite orbits based on direction of motion:
Prograde orbit (or Posigrade): if the satellite orbiting
is in the same direction as the Earths rotation
(counterclockwise) and at angular velocity greater than
that of Earth (
s
>
e
)
Retrograde: if the satellite is orbiting in the opposite
direction as the Earths rotation or in the same direction
with an angular velocity less than that of the Earth (
s
<

e
)
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Satellite Orbits
Satellite orbits based on altitude:
Low Earth Orbit (LEO):
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO): 6,000 to 12,000 miles above
Earth
Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO): 22,300 miles above
Earth. (Also Geostationary orbit, Clarke orbit)
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Satellite Orbits
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Polar
Equatorial
Inclined
Equator
geocenter
Satellite Orbital Patterns
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Apogee
40,000 km
Perigee
400 km
Non-synchronous Orbits
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Angle of inclination
Equatorial plane
0
Earths direction
of rotation
N
Angle of Inclinition
Semimajor axis: (distance from satellite revolving in
the geosynchronous orbit to the center of the Earth) =
42,146 km.
Earths equatorial radius: = 6378 km.
Height above means sea level of satellite in
Geosynchronuous orbit: = 35,768 km.
Velocity of satellite in geosynchrounous orbit:= 6,840
mph.
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Geosynchronous Satellite Orbit
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Geosynchronous Satellite Orbit
1. Expensive tracking device is not required
2. Satellites are available all the time to earth stations
under their footprint
3. No transmission breaks due to switching from one
satellite to another
4. Effects of Doppler shift are negligible
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Advantages of Geosynchronous
Satellites
1. They require sophisticated and heavy propulsion
devices on board to keep them in a fixed orbit.
2. They introduce longer propagation delay
3. Because of the distance, they require higher transmit
powers and more sensitive receivers

Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Disadvantages of Geosynchronous
Satellites
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
( ) 6400
10 4
11
+

=
d
v
v = velocity of satellite in meters per second
d = distance above earths surface(km)
T = orbital period , time it takes a satellite to rotate around Earth(sec)
gR
2
= gravitational constant = 4 x 10
5
km
3
/sec
2

Orbital Calculation
( )
2
3
gR
R d
2 T
+
= t
For optimized performance, direction of maximum
gain (referred to as boresight) of an earth station must
be pointed directly at a satellite.
For good alignment, azimuth and angle of elevation of
antennas (referred to as antenna look angles) must be
determined.
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Antenna Look Angles
Azimuth: horizontal angular
distance from a reference
direction, either the southern or
northernmost point of the
horizon. Azimuth is the turning of
your satellite dish East and West
or Left & Right.
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Antenna Look Angles
Angle of elevation: the vertical
angle formed between the
direction of travel of an
electromagnetic wave radiated
from an earth station pointing
directly toward a satellite and the
horizontal plane.
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Antenna Look Angles
Skew or Polarity: this is how
much you turn your LNB. For
positive skew, turn the LNB
counter-clockwise. For negative
skew, turn the LNB clockwise
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Antenna Look Angles
Slant distance: (also satellite range) the line of sight
distance between an earth station and the satellite.


Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Antenna Look Angles
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

| tan
tan
cos
1
E
Z
L
A
( ) ( ) | |
L E
D L cos cos cos
1
=

|
S E L
l l D =
Antenna Look Angles
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
El = antenna angle of elevation R = earths radius = 6378
H= satellite height in km L
E
= earth station latitude
D
L
= difference in longitude between satellite and earth station
l
E
= earth station longitude d = slant distance
l
S
= satellite longitude
( ) ( )
(

+
=

| | sin ) tan(
1
tan
1
H R
R
El
( ) ( ) ( ) El R H R El R d
2 2
2
cos sin + + =
Antenna Look Angles
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Spinner Satellite
Simple
Light
Inexpensive
Quick to build
Satellite Classifications (Designs)
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
3-axis stabilized satellite
More power
More channels
Longer lifetime
More coverage
Satellite Classifications (Designs)
Footprint is the geographical representation of a
satellite antennas radiation pattern. This is the area on
earths surface that the satellite can receive from or
transmit to. The size and shape of the satellites
footprint depends on the orbital path, height and
antenna used.
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Satellite radiation patterns
(Footprints)
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Satellite radiation patterns
(Footprints)
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Satellite radiation patterns
(Footprints)
Spot beam (or Zonal Beam): typically have
proportionately higher EIRP and covers less than 10%
of the earths surface
Hemispherical beams: typically have EIRP that is 50%
lower than spot beams and covers about 20% of the
earths surface
Earth (global) beam: has power levels considerably less
than spot and hemispherical beam and covers about 42%
of the earths surface

Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Footprint Categories
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Modulator
(FM, PSK,
QAM)
Mixer
MW Gen.
(6GHz 0r
14GHz)
BPF HPA BPF
Up-converter
Baseband in
FDM or PCM/TDM
To sat.
Xponder
Satellite Uplink Model
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
LNA Mixer
MW Shift
Oscillator
(2GHz)
BPF HPA BPF
Frequency Translator
To other transponders
From earth station
6 GHz to 14GHz
To earth station
4 GHz to 12GHz
Satellite Transponder
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
From sat. xponder
LNA Mixer
MW Gen.
4/12 GHz
BPF BPF
Down-converter
Demod
(FM, PSK,
QAM)
Baseband
out
Satellite Downlink Model
ES1 ES1
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
Earth
Crosslink or intersatellite link
Uplink/downlink Uplink/downlink
Inter-satellite Link
Engr. E. B. Pioquinto
END

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