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5.3 Acrylic
89
1950, DuPont
Acrylic
synthetic wool Perlon, Orlon
5.3.1 Polymerization
Addition or chain growth
Homopolymer: polyarylonitrile strong but
compact and highly oriented
virtually impossible to dye
Copolymers: other types of monomers are
included for a dyeable fiber and easier to
process:
e.g. acrylic acid and vinylpyrrolidone
most acrylic fibers are copolymers
90
5.3.2 Fiber Morphology
Cross-section
Longitudinal
section
5.3.3 Properties
92
medium tenacity
medium failure strain
high elastic recovery
moderate abrasion resistance
5.4 Elastomeric
93
polyurethane-based
Elastomeric
lightest apparel fibre
H
2
NCONH
2
5.4.1 Fibre Morphology
Longitudinal appearance has distinct
striations and specks.
Cross-section of fiber has the dump-bell or
dog-bone shape
94
5.4.2 Polymer System
Two types of elastomeric polymers are
synthesized. Each is extruded into
filaments with excellent elastic properties
but differing in their resistance to alkalis.
The polyether type (for example Lycra)
resistant to alkalis
The polymer type (for example, Vyrene)
95
5.4.3 Physical Properties
96
weak tenacity
excellent recovery
hydrophobic
thermo-plastic
5.4.4 Chemical properties
Effect of acids: Elastomeric textile material
in general are resistant to acids.
Effect of alkalis: The elastomeric is
sensitive to alkalis.
Colour-fastness: Elastomeric textile
material tend to be difficult to dye owing
to the hydrophobic and very crystalline
nature of their polymer system.
97
5.4.4 Chemical Properties
98
resistant to acids
Chemical
properties
difficult to dye
sensitive to alkalis
6.1 Introduction of Absorption
Adsorption in a non-swelling medium, for
example, the adsorption of gases on
charcoal, is a comparatively simple
process, but the absorption of water by
fibers is an example of a process that
comes midway between these two and
partakes of some features of each.
99
6.2 Equilibrium
When a textile material is placed in a
given atmosphere, it takes up or loses
water at a gradually decreasing rate until
it reaches equilibrium, when no further
change takes place. This is a dynamic
equilibrium.
100
6.3 Regain and relative humidity
Relative humidity(RH)=
p(H
2
O)Partial pressure of water vapor
p*(H
2
O)Saturation vapor pressure
Regain
G Mass of undried specimen
G
0
Mass of dried specimen
2
*
2
(H O)
100%
(H O)
p
p
0
0
100%
G G
W
G
=
101
6.3 Regain and relative humidity
102
0
0
100%
G G
W
G
=
2
2
(H O)
*
(H O)
100%
p
p
6.4 Theories of moisture sorption
Sorption refers to the action of either
absorption or adsorption. As such it is the
effect of gases or liquids being
incorporated into a material of a different
state and adhering to the surface of
another molecule.
103
6.4.1 The effect of hydrophilic groups
As absorption, we take account of interac-
tion between water molecules and molec-
ules of the fiber. All the natural animal
and vegetable fibers have groups in their
molecules that attract water, such as NH
2
,
CONH, OH, COOH.
104
6.4.2 Directly and Indirectly Attached Water
The first water molecules are absorbed
directly onto hydrophilic groups, but, for
the others: They may be attracted to other
hydrophilic groups, or they may form
further layers on top of water molecules.
H
2
O H
2
O H
2
O
H
2
O H
2
O H
2
O
Fiber
Direct
Indirect
H
2
O H
2
O
105
6.4.3 Absorption in crystalline regions
In crystalline region, the fiber molecules
are closely packed together in a regular
pattern. Thus it will not be easy for water
molecules to penetrate into a crystalline
region, and, for absorption to take place,
the active groups would have to be freed
by t he br e a ki ng of c r os s - l i nks .
106
7 Other Properties of Textile Fibers
107
Thermal
Electric
Optical
Performance of
processing and
usage of textile
fibers
7.1 Thermal properties
Thermal conductivity is a property of
materials that express the heat flux(W/m
2
)
that will flow through the material if a
certain temperature gradient DT(K/m)
exists over the material.
Fiber material Thermal conductivity[mW/(m.k]
Cotton 71
Wool 54
Silk 50
108
7.1.1 Specific Heat Capacity
109
Q
C
m T
=
A
Specific heat capacity
(J/(g)
Heat, J
Temperature() Mass(g)
moisture
temperature
fiber structure
C
7.1.2 Coefficient of Heat Conductivity
110
Q d
T t s
=
A
Coefficient of heat
conductivity
(W/(m) Conduction surface
m
2
Temperature difference
()
Heat, (J Thickness, (m
Time, (t
7.2 Optical properties
When light falls on a fiber, it may be partly
transmitted, absorbed or reflected.
Refractive index n
iso
of an isotropic fiber is
given by the mean of the refractive indices
of an oriented fiber in 3 directions:
Polarized parallel to fiber axis
Polarized perpendicular to fiber axis
1/ 3( 2 )
iso
n n n
= +
n
n
111
7.2 Optical Properties
112
Optical
properties
luster
reflection
refraction
transmission
light
degradation
resistance
7.2.1 Luster
113
Light on collection of fibers
Laminate structure
Longitudinal morpha
Cross-sectional shape
Luster
7.2.2 Birefringence
Birefringence, or double refraction, is the
decomposition of a ray of light into the
ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray
when it passes through certain types of
material.
114
n n n
A =
P
Birefringence index
Refractive index for light polarized parallel
(perpendicular)to the fiber axis.
7.3 Electric properties
The electronic properties of fibers are of
less importance than the mechanical
properties.
115
electric
conduction
dielectric
static electricity
7.3.1 Electric Conduction
116
Surface
resistivity
Volume
resistivity
Mass
resistivity
Fiber
Cotton 6.8
Ramie 7.5
Silk 9.8
Wool 8.4
Viscose 7.0
Fiber
Polyamide 9-12
Acetate 11.7
Acrylic 8.7
Polyester 8.0
lg
m
lg
m
7.3.2 Dielectric
117
Fiber is dielectric material.
0
r
C
C
c =