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Dr Paul S Spencer
(IES1007)
Ohms Law
Resistance, R
In metal conductors electron movement is impeded by thermally induced vibrations of the lattice, and this hindrance to the flow is termed
Resistance
Definition: A circuit element has a resistance of 1 Ohm if a potential difference of 1 Volt applied across it causes a current of 1 Amp to flow
V=IR Conductance, G
Ability to conduct electrical current is termed Conductance
G = 1/R
Thus Ohms law becomes,
I=GV
VS
R
-
VR
Energy Sources
1) Independent Voltage Sources
VS
VS
I
An IDEAL Voltage source maintains a constant terminal voltage irrespective of load. This implies ZERO internal resistance. A Practical Voltage source has an internal resistance,
VS
Ri
Energy Sources
2) Independent Current Sources
IS
IS V
V
An IDEAL current source maintains a constant terminal current irrespective of load. This implies ZERO internal resistance. A Practical current source has an internal resistance,
I IS Ri V
Current flow inside of the device is dependent on the external load.
Rc Ib Rb Re Ib
CURRENT Controlled, I
Voltage Sources V = R I Current Sources I = B I
Unfortunately dependent sources cause problems for some circuit analysis techniques
1) Current Sources Whether we have independent or dependent Current sources, the voltage across the source cannot be expressed as a function of the terminal current. Knowing the current is not sufficient information to state the terminal voltage. 2) Voltage Sources Likewise for Voltage sources, the current within the source cannot be expressed as a function of the terminal voltage. Knowing the terminal voltage is not sufficient information to state the current the source may apply.
Equivalent Circuits
Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
We shall see later that ANY circuit containing at least one active sources can be simplified to:
VS
Ri
IS
Ri