Discrete ComponentsBy

What mean by discrete components.

An elementary electronic device constructed as a single
unit. Those not encapsulated in an integrated circuit. Discrete components are electronic components with just one circuit element rather than an integrated circuit. The circuit element can be either a passive component (resistor, capacitor, inductor) or an active component (transistor, diode, LED).

Active Components
Its rely on a source of energy (usually from the DC circuit) and usually can inject power into a circuit.

Semiconductors
1.Diode
An electronic device that restricts current flow chiefly to one direction.

Application
used as temperature and light sensors and light emitters (LEDs). In communication field, they filter out analog and digital signals from carriers and modulate signals onto carriers. In digital logic, they're used as one-way valves and as switches similar to transistors.

Uses of diode in Rectifier

1. Half-wave rectifier.

 2. Full wave rectifier

3. Bridge Rectifier

Zener Diode
Used in voltage regulation,ensuring a stable constant voltage after rectification.

LED
These emit light when a voltage is applied.

2.Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.

i. Bipolar Junction

- a type of transistor that relies on the contact of two types of semiconductor for its operation.

1.

BJTs.
PNP NPN

Schematic symbols for PNP- and NPN-type

ii. Field Effect Transistor - a transistor that uses an electric field to control the shape and hence the conductivity of a channel of one type of charge carrier in a semiconductor material.

 a) JFET - use a gate element that, when charged, creates an electromagnetic field that changes the conductivity of a silicon channel and turns the transistor on or off.

b) MOSFET - when applying a positive voltage (relative to the source) to an n-channel MOSFETs gate will make it conductive. When applying the same voltage to pchannel MOSFET will make it nonconductive.

P-Channell

N-Channel

C) MESFET - used for building computer processor. - more expensive than JFET and MOSFET. - used for microwave frequency communication.

MESFET Schematic diagram

d) HEMT - a field effect transistor incorporating a junction between two materials with different band gaps . -

3.Thyrister
A transistor having a thyratronlike characteristic; as collector current is increased to a critical value, the alpha of the unit rises above unity to give highspeed triggering action.

Passive Components
Conducts current in both directions and therefore known as bilateral devices. Resistors, Inductors and Capacitors.

Resistor
Manufactured with specified amount of resistance. Can conduct current in both directions. To controlling the flow of current & providing the desired amount of voltage in electronic circuit.

Linear Resistors
The resistors through which the current is directly proportional to the applied voltage. Such resistors have property that their resistance values do not change with applied voltage, temperature or light intensity.

Fixed Resistors

Carbon Composition Resistors

Cermet Film Resistors

Variable Wire Wound Resistors

Potentiometer

Trimmers

Non-Linear Resistors
The resistors through which the current is not directly proportional to the applied voltage. Such resistors have property that their resistance values change with applied voltage, temperature or light intensity.

Thermistors

Photo resistor

Varistors

Identifying Resistors

Inductors / Reactor
Ability to store magnetic energy created by the electric current passing through it. Conducting wire shaped as a coil, the loops helping to create a strong magnetic field inside the coil. Current and voltage change with time.

Ideal & Real Inductor

Ideal inductor has inductance, but no resistance and capacitance, and does not dissipate or radiate energy. Real inductor may be partially modeled by a combination of inductance, resistance and capacitance.

Type of Inductors
Fixed inductors Variable inductors

Air-core inductor

Iron core inductor

Ferrite core inductor

Variable inductor

Capacitors
Consists of two parallel conductive plates that r not connected but r electrically separated either by air or by an insulating material called the Dielectric. Store and release electrical charge and used for filtering power supply lines, tuning resonant circuits, and for blocking DC voltages while passing AC signals.

Dielectric variable capacitor

Film Capacitors

Radial Lead Type

Axial Lead Type

Ceramic Capacitor

Electrolytic Capacitor

Aluminium & Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitor

THE END