VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES

Submitted by
T.VANI SANTHOSHI 09W91A0252 CH.ASHWINI - 09W91A0217 V.PRIYANKA GOUD 09W91A0256 D.BASAVESHWAR 07W91A0208 E.RAVI RAJA - 08W91A0239

Under the guidance of M.Spandana,M.tech Asst.Prof, EEE department Malla Reddy Institute of Engineering and Technology

INTRODUCTION
A variable-frequency drive (VFD) is a type

of adjustable-speed drive

It is used in electro-mechanical drive systems to control AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage.

ELECTRICAL DRIVES

Systems employed for motion

control are called drives and

may employ any of the prime movers such as diesel or petrol engines ,electric motors, for supplying mechanical energy for motion control .

Drives employing electrical motors are known as electrical drives.

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES

There are two types of electrical drives mainly
1. 2.

DC Drives AC Drives DC drives are dc motor control systems AC drives are AC motor speed control systems

What is a VFD

It controls the rotational speed of an AC motor by controlling the frequency of electrical power supplied to motor.

Its a specific type of adjustable speed drive

EVOLUTION OF VFD
Danfoss = First company to mass produce a.c. variable frequency drives (VFD)

1968

1973

1983

1988

1993

1998

2003

2007

DESCRIPTION OF VFD
A variable frequency drive generally consists of following:

Ac motor

Main controller assembly

Operator interface

AC MOTOR

It is usually a 3 phase induction motor. An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current. The magnetic field on the rotor is either generated by current delivered through slip rings or by a permanent magnet.

MAIN CONTROLLER ASSEMBLY

It is a solid state power electronic conversion device. It consists of three main parts

Bridge rectifier

DC link
Inverter

BRIDGE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

It converts AC input power to DC intermediate power using a rectifier or converter.

DC LINK

DC intermediate power is then converted to quasi sinusoidal AC power using inverter switching circuit

BASIC INVERTER

It changes DC energy into three channels of AC energy that can be used by AC motor

OPERATOR INTERFACE

The operator interface often includes an alphanumeric display and/or indication lights and meters to provide information about the operation of the drive. A serial communications port is also often available to allow the VFD to be configured, adjusted, monitored and controlled using a computer

WORKING OF VFD

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF VFD

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VFD

AC motor characteristics require the applied voltage to be proportionally adjusted whenever frequency is changed in order to deliver the rated torque

METHODS OF CONTROL

There are many methods of control for frequency in variable frequency drives

Among them PWM is mostly used because of its own advantages.

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a commonly used technique for controlling power to inertial electrical devices, made practical by modern electronic power switches.

TYPES OF VFD

VFDs use their output devices (IGBTs, Transistors, thyristors) only as switches.

They can be classified as

Voltage source inverter fed drives i.e. constant voltage

Current source inverter fed drives i.e. constant current

CONSTANT CURRENT AND VOLTAGES DRIVES

Constant voltage converter : intermediate DC link voltage remains constant during each output cycle

Constant current drives : large inductor is placed between the input rectifier and the output bridge, so the current delivered is nearly constant

FACTORS AFFECTING SPEED CONTROL

Cooling of the motor is usually not good in low speed range When frequency reaches zero, motor is shut off. The motor shall require a load reactor and filters if the pump leads from the VFD exceed certain conditions

ENERGY SAVINGS
Example : vfd for centrifugal pump Flow is proportional to speed Power varies to the cube of the speed change 20% reduction in speed = 50% reduction in energy

50% reduction in speed = 80% reduction in energy

VFD RATINGS

VFD controllers designed to operate at 111v volts to 690v are often classified as low voltage units.
Typically designed for use with motor rated to deliver 0.2 k.watts up to several mega watts. Medium voltage VFD controllers are designed to operate at 2400/4162 volts (60hz), 3000 volts(50 hz )

APPLICATIONS

VFDs are frequently used to control motors for: Fans, Pumps, Compressors

Mills.

Oil & Gas, petroleum, petro chemistry: oil transfer pumps, compressors, pumps, etc.

Mining: mortar pumps, fans, etc. Water and waste water: water supply pump, etc.

CONCLUSION
Hence variable frequency drives are mainly used because of the following reasons:

Stable and reliable performance Saves energy and therefore reduces energy costs

Isolated control signal provided by fibre optics between Power cell and Controller

QUERIES ???

THANK YOU