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What is a SYSTEM?
A composite of equipment, skills, techniques, and information capable of performing and/or supporting an operational role in attaining specified management objectives. Includes related facilities, equipment, material, service personnel, and information required for its information to degree that it can be considered a selfsufficient unit in its intended operational and/or support environment.
Terminal FILE
Computer System
A GOOD system will be made up of highly independent subsystems with minimal flows between them. Minimizing flows minimizes, in turn complexity and simplifies the system.
Customer or Client System The goal of this system is to provide service to the clients. There is a lot of variety but all follow a similar pattern. They usually begin with the client approaching the organization with a specific request. The request is recorded and check to see if requested service can be provided. If it can, arrangements are made within organizations to provide the service. This may involve arranging of some goods to be delivered or payments to be made to the clients. Usually the client system follows up a requests to ensure that the service is carried out and to answer any customer queries about the service.
Inventory Control System The primary goal of inventory control system is to ensure that all necessary parts are available at all times. However, this does not mean that as many items as possible should be stored in the warehouse. Stored items do not cost money and do not generate any returns while stored. Thus an inventory system must maintain the minimum possible number of items in store while ensuring that needed items are always available. A distinction can be made between two kinds of inventory. One is an inventory of parts purchased by the organization for its internal use or to produce other products, while the other is an inventory of parts produced or purchased by the organization for sale to its customer.
Accounting System The 3 major subsystems of accounting are: Accounts Receivable - subsystem includes invoicing, credit checking, recording payments and sales, general analysis and reporting. Accounts Payable - subsystem that is the reverse of Accounts Receivable General Accounts Subsystem produces reports about the organizations assets and its resources.
Marketing System Marketing system publicize the organization to its external environment. This involves many things, such as preparing information about the services and disseminating it to potential customers. Such activity may include advertising, mailouts or simply visiting the customer.
Linear Cycle
Systems Analysis HLAD Feasibility Study
Problem Definition
Systems Design
Detail Design
Stage Design
Feasibility Study Define stages
Problem Definition
Feasibility Study
Systems Analysis
System Design
System Implementation
Stage 1
Imprecise Systems
Imprecise systems occur when it is not possible to start with a set of precise system requirements. This often occurs in the organizations that are just starting with computers or in novel applications where there is no previous experience. Instead it is more appropriate to develop the system a little bit at a time, learning about system capabilities as one goes along.
Inception
Initial Grouping
Mutual Progress
Conversion
Transfer of ownership (usually a gradual activity) Through out the design Process.
Conversion
Maturity
Prototypes
Prototyping differs from evolutionary design in one significant way. A prototype is often considered to be a model of a proposed system. It is built to illustrate the feasibility of a new system and then virtually thrown away. The new system is then built from scratch.
Advantage of Protyping
More clearly identify system objectives More clearly identify critical problems More clearly identify logical solutions
Detailed Designed
Network
People
Reasons
External Entities
Every data store on DFD should correspond to an entity on an ERD Data stores can come in many forms:
Hanging file folders Computer-based files Notebooks
Logical process models omit any processes that do nothing more than move or route data, thus leaving the data unchanged. Valid processes include those that: Perform computations (e.g., calculate grade point average) Make decisions (determine availability of ordered products) Sort, filter or otherwise summarize data (identify overdue invoices) Organize data into useful information (e.g., generate a report or answer a question) Trigger other processes (e.g., turn on the furnace or instruct a robot) Use stored data (create, read, update or delete a record)
Processes
Types of Diagrams
Context Diagram
A data flow diagram (DFD) of the scope of an organizational system that shows the system boundaries, external entities that interact with the system and the major information flows between the entities and the system
Level-O Diagram
A data flow diagram (DFD) that represents a systems major processes, data flows and data stores at a high level of detail
DFD RulesGeneral
Basic rules that apply to all DFDs
Inputs to a process are always different than outputs Objects always have a unique name
In order to keep the diagram uncluttered, you can repeat data stores and sources/sinks on a diagram
DFD RulesSymbols
Process
No process can have only outputs (a miracle) No process can have only inputs (black hole) A process has a verb phrase label
Data Store
Data cannot be moved directly from one store to another Data cannot move directly from an outside source to a data store Data cannot move directly from a data store to a data sink Data store has a noun phrase label
Decomposition of DFDs
Functional decomposition
Act of going from one single system to many component processes This is a repetitive procedure allowing us to provide more and more detail as necessary The lowest level is called a primitive DFD
Level-N Diagrams
A DFD that is the result of n nested decompositions of a series of subprocesses from a process on a level-0 diagram
Figure C An unbalanced set of data flow diagramswhy? (a) Context diagram (b) Level-0 diagram