EDU 3104 Classroom Management And Behaviour

Group members: 1) Alice Eliska anak John @ Ragun 2) Norsuhaidah Binti Koppeli 3) Nor Alyaa binti Yusoff 4) Jessica Eleana anak Jon @ Ajis 5) Siti Aisyah binti Islahuddin

Behavioural Model

Introduction
- Behavioural Model was proposed by Burrhus Frederick Skinner (B. F. Skinner). - According to Skinner, human behaviour is mostly influenced by the action they saw in their surrounding. - Human behavior can be shaped along desired lines by means of the systematic application of reinforcement.

Principle of Reinforcement
Behavior is shaped by its consequences, by what happens to the individual immediately afterward.

Systematic use of reinforcement (rewards) can shape students'

behavior in desired directions. Behavior becomes weaker if not followed by reinforcement. Behavior is also weakened by punishment. In the early stages of learning, constant reinforcement produces the best result. Once the desired behaviour is achieved, it is best maintained through intermittent reinforcement, provided only occasionally.

Types of Reinforcers
Types of reinforcers commonly used in schools fall into four categories: 1. Social. Social reinforcers consist of words, gestures, and facial expressions. Many students work diligently just to get a smile, pat, or a kind word from the teacher. Some examples are: Verbal * OK. Wow! Excellent. Nice going. Exactly. Right. Thank you. I like that. Would you share that. Nonverbal * Smiles, winks, eye contact, nods, thumbs up, touches, pats. walk beside, stand near, shake hands.

2. Graphic. Graphic reinforcers include marks of various kinds such as numerals, checks, happy faces, and special symbols. Teachers make these marks with felt pens and rubber stamps. They may enter them on charts or use a paper punch to make holes in cards kept by the students. They may attach stars or stickers that are commercially available in large quantities and varieties.

3. Activity. Activity reinforcers include those activities that students prefer in school. Any activity can be used as a reinforcer if students prefer it to another. Examples of activities that usually reinforce academic learning are: For younger students:
Being a monitor, sitting near the teacher, choosing the song, caring for the pet, sharing a pet or toy.

For middle students:

Playing a game, free reading, decorating the classroom, having extra recess time, going to an assembly.

For older students:

Working with a friend, being excused from a test, working on a special project, being excused from homework.

 4. Tangible. Tangible reinforcers are real objects that students can earn as rewards for desired behavior and are more powerful for some students than other types of reinforcers. They are widely used with students who have special behavior problems. Many primary teachers use tangible reinforcers regularly. Examples of inexpensive reinforcers are: popcorn, raisins, chalk, crayons, felt pens, pencils, badges, etc.

Behaviourism modification
Behavior modification is applied in these two main ways: The teacher observes the student perform an undesired act; the teacher rewards the student; the student tends to repeat the act. The teacher observes the student perform an undesired act; the teacher either ignores the act or punishes the student, then praises a student who is behaving correctly; the misbehaving student becomes less likely than before to repeat the act.

 Behavior modification successfully uses various kinds of reinforcers. They include social reinforcers such as verbal comments, facial expressions, and gestures; graphic reinforcers such as marks and stars; activity reinforcers such as free time and collaborating with a friend; and tangible reinforcers such as prizes and printed awards.

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT:
Positive reinforcement is a very powerful and effective tool to help shape and change behavior. works by presenting a motivating item to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future. Eg: The mother gives her son candy for cleaning up his toys. The little girl receives $5.00 for every A she earns on her report card.

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT:
Negative reinforcement is when a certain stimulus/item is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited. The likelihood of the particular behavior occurring again in the future is increased because of removing/avoiding the negative stimuli. Negative reinforcement should not be thought of as a punishment procedure. With negative reinforcement, you are increasing a behavior, whereas with punishment, you are decreasing a behavior.

 Eg: Billy hates when his mom nags him to do the dishes. He starts to do the dishes immediately after finishing a meal to avoid his mothers nagging. Lisa always complains of a headache when it is time to start doing her homework. Her parents allow her to go to bed without doing her homework.

ADVANTAGES

 Although reinforcement is easy to be implemented in classroom and the product can be seen immediately but in fact the effect may not last longer. Reinforcement and reward are inclined towards the needs of extrinsic motivation depends on the external elements such as rewards, gifts, compliments, and so forth. Students are more excited to get a gift or a compliment than to acquire knowledge or exhibiting good behavior.

DISADVANTAGES

 This model is also less effective in reducing problem behavior. The usage of behavior modification model may be less effective for older students or to students who have serious behavior problems.