Supernetting

Lecturer - MM Clements

This week ..

Address aggregation and ISPs

IPv4 address allocation

Classful Addressing

Supernetting

IPv4 classful addressing

32 bit address How many do we get? are class A are class B 1/8 are class C Rest are D & E

Wastage using classes rigidly

232 = 4 294 967 296 of these are class A = 2 147 483 648 Class A only given to big organisations

Governments etc

1- 126 (10.x.x.x excepted why?) Each class A has (224 2) hosts = 16 777 216 A lot of hosts!!

Class B Allocations

216 = 65536 hosts per class B 1 073 741 824 addresses in total 16 384 different class B addresses 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 Given to large companies A few lost 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 why?

Class C Allocations

536 870 912 host addresses in all 28 2 = 254 hosts per class C address 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 Cant use 192.168.x.x why? 2 097 152 class C addresses available Not large enough for big company, too many for small company.

Internet Core Routing

Consider core router lookup table Over 2M lines to sift through How long to look up any one random item on this table? How many cycles per second? Estimate this

Solution longer addresses

IPv6 created Bring in work-arounds NAT/ PAT and CIDR Launch IPv6 around 2010 128 bit address space How many addresses per sq metre of Earth? Work it out yourself

Classless Interdomain Routing

1993 (see RFCs 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520 ) CIDR helps keep Internet from running out of IP addresses Allocates only the amount of address space needed Wastage of address space reduced. Supernetting - classful subnet masks extended so that a network address and subnet mask can specify multiple Class C subnets with one address Classless routing

Example

I have a company and need 1800 IP addresses ( A, B or C? NO!) 211 = 2048 (dont forget to lose 2 of them) 11 host bits needed Mask will be 32 11 = 21 i.e. /21 ISP can allocate this space Appears in ISP routing table as 1 entry Advertised back to Internet core as 1 address

IP Allocation by ISPs

Big ISPs are allocated large chunks of address space ISP's customers are then allocated networks from the big ISP's pool ISP has 155.100.0.0 to 155.255.255.255 10011011. 01100100. 00000|000. 00000000 Divided as network| hosts

Example

10011011. 01100100. 00000|000. 00000000 Network address 10011011. 01100100. 00000|111. 11111111 Broadcast address (without subnetting) Convert to decimal 155.100.0.0 /21 to 155.100.7.255 /21 Customer can subdivide as sees fit

Another Example 8 class Cs

200.10.24.0 = 11001000. 00001010. 00011000. 00000000 200.10.25.0 = 11001000. 00001010. 00011001. 00000000 200.10.26.0 = 11001000. 00001010. 00011010. 00000000 200.10.27.0 = 11001000. 00001010. 00011011. 00000000 200.10.28.0 = 11001000. 00001010. 00011100. 00000000 200.10.29.0 = 11001000. 00001010. 00011101. 00000000 200.10.30.0 = 11001000. 00001010. 00011110. 00000000 200.10.31.0 = 11001000. 00001010. 00011111. 00000000

Note the common bits in green Mask is therefore /21 200.10.24.0 /21 is the aggregate address

Advertising Upstream

200.10.24.0 /21 advertised back upstream ISP itself will advertise all of its addresses aggregated too Work this out yourself Keeps core routing tables manageable

Conclusion ..

Poor visions of future led to bad IP allocation IP addresses began to run out CIDR created to bridge transition to IPv6 Now working classless Uses /number for subnet mask Allows for customisation of address space Keeps core Internet routing tables manageable