CSC1100 Lecture 05 Chapter 5

A First Book of C++
Chapter 5 Repetition
Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about:
The while Statement Interactive while Loops The for Statement The do while Statement Common Programming Errors Additional Testing Techniques
A First Book of C++ 4th Edition
CSC1100 Schedule
Wk # 1 Start date 10/09/2012 12/09/2012 Lecture/Tutorial Chapter 1: Getting Started Chapter 2: Data Types, Declarations and Displays Chapter 3: Assignments and Interactive Input QUIZ 1 ( Second Class) Assignment/Quizzes
17/09/2012
19/09/2012
24/09/2012
26/09/2012
4 5 1/10/2012 3/10/2012 8/10/2012 10/10/2012 6 15/10/2012 17/10/2012
22 28/10/2012
Chapter 4: Selection
ASSIGNMENT 1 (10TH & 11th OCTOBER 2012) (IN CLASS OPEN TEXT BOOK ONLY)
Chapter 5: Repetition
19/10/2012 MID TERM EXAM (10.0012.00)
MID-SEMESTER BREAK
CSC1100 Schedule
Wk # 7 Start date 29/10/2012 31/10/2012 9 10 11 12 13 14 12/11/2012 14/11/2012 19/11/2012 21/11/2012 26/11/2012 28/11/2012 3/12/2012 5/12/2012 10/12/2012 12/12/2012 17/12/2012 19/12/2012 Chapter 16: Data Structures Chapter 8 & 9: Pointers and I/O Stream GROUP PROJECT GROUP PROJECT Chapter 6: Modularity using Functions Lecture/Tutorial Chapter 14: The String Class and Exception Handling Assignment/Quizzes QUIZ 2 ASSIGNMENT 2
QUIZ 3
ASSIGNMENT 3
GROUP PROJECT
GROUP PROJECT GROUP PROJECT GROUP PROJECT
Exercises & Homework

If-else
Exercise 4.3
Question 3 (Program) Question 9 ( Program)
Switch
Exercise 4.4
Question 1 (Modify) Question 3 (Program)
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { double grade; cout << "Enter the grade: "; cin >> grade; if (grade >= 90) cout << "Your grade is an A"; else if (grade < 90 && grade >= 80) cout << "Your grade is a B"; else if (grade < 80 && grade >= 70) cout << "Your grade is a C"; else if (grade < 70 && grade >= 60) cout << "Your grade is a D"; else if (grade < 60) cout << "Your grade is an F"; system("pause"); return 0; }
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { double temp; char letter; cout << "Enter the temperature followed by a letter indicating c for Celsius or f for Fahrenheit: "; cin >> temp >> letter; if (letter == 'f' || letter == 'F') { temp = (5.0 / 9.0) * (temp - 32.0); cout << "The temperature is " << temp << " c" << endl; } else if (letter == 'c' || letter == 'C') { temp = (9.0 / 5.0) * temp + 32.0; cout << "The temperature is " << temp << " f" << endl; } else cout << "Incorrect data has been entered"; system("pause"); return 0; }
switch (letterGrade) { case 'A': cout << "The numerical grade is between 90 and 100"; break; case 'B': cout << "The numerical grade is between 80 and 89.9"; break; case 'C': cout << "The numerical grade is between 70 and 79.9"; break; case 'D': cout << "How are you going to explain this one?"; break; default: cout << "Of course I had nothing to do with the grade."; cout << "\nIt must have been the professor's fault."; }
int main() { int code; cout << "Enter the disk drive code: "; cin >> code; switch (code) { case 1: cout << "The disk drive has a capacity of 2GB\n"; break; case 2: cout << "The disk drive has a capacity of 4GB\n"; break; case 3: cout << "The disk drive has a capacity of 16GB\n"; break; case 4: cout << "The disk drive has a capacity of 32GB\n"; break; }
return 0;
The while statement

10
The while Statement

A general repetition statement
Format:
while (expression) statement;
Function:
expression is evaluated the same as an if-else statement Statement following expression executed repeatedly as long as expression has non-zero value
11
The while Statement (cont'd.)
Steps in execution of while statement:

1. Test the expression 2. If the expression has a non-zero (true) value
a. Execute the statement following the parentheses
b. Go back to step 1
else
a. Exit the while statement
12
Forces the program to go back to STEP 1: reevaluating the expression While statements will loops back on itself to recheck the expression until it evaluates to 0 (false)
13
14
OUTPUT
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
15
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int i; i = 10; while (i >= 1) { cout << i << " "; i--; // subtract 1 from i }
return 0;
}
16

Infinite loop: one that never ends
The program keep on displaying numbers until you realize that it does not work normally
Fixed-count loop: tested expression is a counter that checks for a fixed number of repetitions
while (num < 11) or (num <=10)
Variation: counter is incremented by a value other than 1 Example:

Celsius-to-Fahrenheit temperature conversion
Display Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures, from 550 degrees C, in 5 degree increments
17
celsius = 5;
// starting Celsius value
while (celsius <= 50) { fahren = (9.0/5.0) * celsius + 32.0; cout << setw(4) << celsius << setw(13) << fahren << endl; celsius = celsius + 5; }
Fixed-count loops
18
#include <iostream> #include <iomanip> using namespace std; // a program to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit int main() { const int MAXCELSIUS = 50; const int STARTVAL = 5; const int STEPSIZE = 5; int celsius; double fahren; cout << "DEGREES DEGREES\n" << "CELSIUS FAHRENHEIT\n" << "------- ----------\n"; celsius = STARTVAL; // set output formats for floating-point numbers only cout << setiosflags(ios::showpoint) << setiosflags(ios::fixed)<< setprecision(2); while (celsius <= MAXCELSIUS) { fahren = (9.0/5.0) * celsius + 32.0; cout << setw(4) << celsius << setw(13) << fahren << endl; celsius = celsius + STEPSIZE; } return 0; }
Fixed-count loops
Class Exercise
Exercise 5.1
Q 5 (Program)
Q 6 ( Program)
Q 7 ( Program)
20
Q5
21
int main() { int years = 1; int depreciation = 4000; int start_val = 28000; cout << "\n"; cout << " END-OF-YEAR ACCUMULATED\n"; cout << " YEAR DEPRECIATION VALUE DEPRECIATION\n"; cout << " ---- ------------ ----------- ------------\n"; while (years <= 7) { cout << setw(5) << years << setw(14) << depreciation << setw(16) << start_val - (depreciation * years) << setw(16) << (depreciation * years) << '\n'; years ++; }
return 0; }
22
int main() { const int MAXFEET = 30; const int STARTVAL = 3; const int STEPSIZE = 3; int feet; double meters; cout << " FEET METERS\n" << " \n"; feet = STARTVAL; // set output formats for floating point numbers only cout << setiosflags(ios::fixed)<< setiosflags(ios::showpoint)<< setprecision(2); while (feet <= MAXFEET) { meters = feet / 3.28; cout << setw(4) << feet<< setw(13) << meters << endl; feet = feet + STEPSIZE; }
system("pause"); return 0; }
23
int main() { const int MAXHOURS = 4; const double STARTVAL = 0.5; const double STEPSIZE = 0.5; const int DISTANCE = 55; double hours; double distance; cout << " HOUR DISTANCE\n" << " ----------- \n"; hours = STARTVAL; distance = 0; cout << setiosflags(ios::fixed) << setiosflags(ios::showpoint) << setprecision(2); while (hours <= MAXHOURS) { distance = DISTANCE * hours; cout << setw(5) << hours<< setw(15) << distance << endl; hours = hours + STEPSIZE; } system("pause"); return 0; }
24
Interactive while Loops

25
Interactive while Loops
Combining interactive data entry with the repetition of a while statement

Produces very powerful and adaptable programs
Example (Program 5.5): while statement accepts and displays four user-entered numbers
Numbers accepted and displayed one at a time
26
27
Interactive while Loops (cont'd.)

Sample run of Program 5.5:
This program will ask you to enter 4 numbers.
Enter a number: 26.2 The number entered is 26.2 Enter a number: 5
The number entered is 5

Enter a number: 103.456 The number entered is 103.456 Enter a number: 1267.89
The number entered is 1267.89
28
Example (Program 5.6): adding a single number to a total

A number is entered by the user Accumulating statement adds the number to total
total = total + num;

A while statement repeats the process
29
30
Program
31

Sample run of Program 5.6:
This program will ask you to enter 4 numbers. Enter a number: 26.2 The total is now 26.2 Enter a number: 5 The total is now 31.2 Enter a number: 103.456 The total is now 134.656 Enter a number: 1267.89 The total is now 1402.546
32
The final total is 1402.546

#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { const int MAXNUMS = 4; int count; double num, total, average; cout << "\nThis program will ask you to enter "<< MAXNUMS << " numbers.\n\n"; count = 1; total = 0; while (count <= MAXNUMS) { cout << "Enter a number: "; cin >> num; total = total + num; count++; } count--; average = total / count; cout << "\nThe average of the numbers is " << average << endl; return 0; }
33
Sentinels
Sentinels
Data values used to signal the start or end of data series
Values must be selected so as not to conflict with legitimate data values
34
break and continue Statements

break: forces immediate exit from structures
Use in switch statements:
The desired case has been detected and processed
Use in while, for, and do-while statements:

An unusual condition is detected
Format:
break;
35
break and continue Statements (cont'd.)

continue: causes the next iteration of the loop to begin immediately
Execution transferred to the top of the loop Applies only to
while, do-while, and
for statements
Format:
1
36
The Null Statement
Used where a statement is syntactically required but no action is called for

A do-nothing statement
Typically used with while or for statements
37
The for Statement

38
The for Statement
Same function as the while statement but in different form for (initializing list; expression; altering list) statement; Function: statement executed while expression has non-zero (true) value
Components:
Initializing list: initial value of expression Expression: a valid C++ expression Altering list: statements executed at end of each for loop to alter value of expression 39
The for Statement (cont'd.)

Components of for statement correspond to operations performed in while statement
Initialization Expression evaluation Altering of expression values
Components of for statement are optional, but semicolons must always be present
Figure 5.5 ( 202)

40
Program
41
Program 5.9 modified: initializer outside for loop
42
5.9 (b), 5.9 (c)
int main() // all expressions inside for's parentheses { int count; for (count = 2 ; count <= 20 ; cout << count << " ", count = count + 2); return 0; }
Separate with comma 43
Program
44

When Program 5.10 is run, the display produced is:
NUMBER _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 SQUARE _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 CUBE _ _ _ _ 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000
45
Interactive for Loops
Same effect as using cin object within a while loop Provides interactive user input
46
Program
47
Interactive for Loops (cont'd.)
Program 5.11: for statement creates a loop

Loop executed five times
Actions performed in each loop

User prompted to enter a number Number added to the total
48
ARE THESE STATEMENTS VALID?
1. for (total = 0.0, count = 0; count < MAXCOUNT; count++)

2. for (double total = 0.0, int count = 0; count < MAXCOUNT; count++) EXPLAIN
49

Initialization variations:
Alternative 1: initialize total outside the loop and count inside the loop as in Program 5.11 Alternative 2: initialize both total and count inside loop
for (total = 0.0, count = 0; count < MAXCOUNT; count++)

Alternative 3: initialize and declare both total and count inside loop
for (double total = 0.0, int count = 0; count < MAXCOUNT; count++)
50
Nested Loops
A loop contained within another loop Example: for(i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { cout << "\ni is now " << i << endl; // start of outer loop
for(j = 1; j <= 4; j++)

{ cout << " j = " << j; } } 51
// start of inner loop
// end of inner loop // end of outer loop
Nested Loops (cont'd.)

Outer (first) loop:
Controlled by value of i
Inner (second) loop:

Controlled by value of j
Rules:
For each single trip through outer loop, inner loop runs through its entire sequence Different variable to control each loop Inner loop statements contained within outer loop
52
Nested Loops (cont'd.)
53
CLASS EXERCISE 12 ( a and b)

QUESTION 12 ( page 215)
QUESTION 12 b ( page 215)
54
12 a
int main() { int yr; double amount = 1000., total; for (total = amount, yr = 1; yr <=10; yr++) { total = total * 1.03; cout << "The balance at the end of " << yr << " years is $" << setiosflags(ios::showpoint) << setiosflags(ios::fixed) << setw(8) << setprecision(2) << total << endl; } system("pause"); return 0; } 55
#include <iostream> #include <iomanip> using namespace std; int main() { int yr; double amount, total; cout << "\nPlease enter initial deposit amount: "; cin >> amount; for (total = amount, yr = 1; yr <=10; yr++) { total = total * 1.03; cout << "The balance at the end of " << yr << " years is $" << setiosflags(ios::showpoint) << setiosflags(ios::fixed) << setw(8) << setprecision(2) << total << endl; } system("pause"); return 0; }
56
int main() { int yr = 1, years; double amount, interest, total; cout << "\nPlease enter initial deposit amount: "; cin >> amount; cout << "\nPlease enter number of years: "; cin >> years; cout << "\nPlease enter interest rate as a decimal value (ex. .03): "; cin >> interest; for (total = amount; yr <=years; yr++) { total = total + (total * interest); cout << "The balance at the end of " << yr << " years is $" << setiosflags(ios::showpoint) << setiosflags(ios::fixed) << setw(8) << setprecision(2) << total << endl; } system("pause"); return 0; }
57
#include <iostream> #include <iomanip> using namespace std; int main() { int yr = 1, years; double amount, total; cout << "\nPlease enter initial deposit amount: "; cin >> amount; cout << "\nPlease enter number of years: "; cin >> years; for (total = amount; yr <=years; yr++) { total = total * (1 + 0.03); cout << "The balance at the end of " << yr << " years is $" << setiosflags(ios::showpoint) << setiosflags(ios::fixed) << setw(8) << setprecision(2) << total << endl; } system("pause"); return 0; }
58
The do-while Statement
59
The do-while Statement

A repetition statement that evaluates an expression at the end of the statement
Allows some statements to be executed before an expression is evaluated for and while evaluate an expression at the beginning of the statement
Format:
do statement; while (expression);// dont forget final ; 60
61
Validity Checks
Provided by do-while statement through filtering of userentered input
Example:
do
{
cout << "\nEnter an identification number: "; cin >> idNum; if (idNum < 100 || idNum > 1999)
{
cout << "\n An invalid number was just entered" << "\nPlease check the ID number and reenter";
else
break; // break if a valid ID number was entered
62
} while(1); // this expression is always true
Common Programming Errors
Off by one errors: loop executes one time too many or one time too few
Initial and final conditions to control loop must be carefully constructed
Inadvertent use of assignment operator, =, in place of the equality operator, ==

This error is not detected by the compiler
63
Common Programming Errors (cont'd.)

Using the equality operator when testing doubleprecision operands
Do not test expression (fnum == 0.01) Replace by a test requiring absolute value of
(fnum 0.01) < epsilon for very small epsilon
Placing a semicolon at end of the for statement parentheses:

for (count = 0; count < 10; count ++); total = total + num;
Creates a loop that executes 10 times and does nothing but increment count 64
Common Programming Errors (cont'd.)

Using commas instead of semicolons to separate items in a for statement:
for (count = 1, count < 10, count ++) Commas should be used to separate items within the separating and initializing lists
Changing the value of the control variable used in the tested condition both inside the body of a for loop and in its altering list Omitting the final semicolon from the do-while statement
65
Summary
while, for, and do-while statements create loops
These statements evaluate an expression
On the basis of the expression value, either terminate the loop or continue with it
Each pass through the loop is called a repetition or iteration
while checks expression before any other statement in the loop

Variables in the tested expression must have values assigned before
while is encountered
66
Summary (cont'd.)
The for statement: fixed-count loops

Included in parentheses at top of loop:
Initializing expressions
Tested expression
Expressions that affect the tested expression Other loop statements can also be included as part of the altering list
67
Summary (cont'd.)
The do-while statement checks its expression at the end of the loop
Body of the loop must execute at least once do-while loop must contain statement(s) that either:
Alter the tested expressions value or Force a break from the loop
68
MID TERM EXAM
CHAPTERS COVERED : UNTIL CHAPTER 5 2 SESSION: 40 students per session

11.00 1.00
3.00 5.00
DIFFERENT SETS OF QUESTION VENUE LR 13
69
EXERCISE
Question 15 216
Question 5.4 a - 220
70
using namespace std; int main() { int i, j; double num, total; double average; for (i = 1; i < 5; i++) //for the 4 experiments { total = 0; //clear the total for this experiment cout << "\nExperiment " << i << endl; for(j = 1; j < 7; j++) //for the 6 test results { cout << "Enter test result " << j << ": "; cin >> num; total = num + total; } average = total / (j-1); cout << "Experiment " << i << " average: " << average << endl;
}
system("pause"); return 0; }
71
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { double grade; do { cout << "\nEnter a grade: "; cin >> grade; }
while (grade < 0 || grade > 100);

cout << "\nThe grade entered was: " << grade << endl; system("pause"); return 0; }
72
#include <iostream> using namespace std;
int main() { double grade; do { cout << "\nEnter a grade: "; cin >> grade; if(grade < 0 || grade > 100)
cout << "An invalid grade has been entered! "

<< "Please reenter a valid grade." << endl; else break; } while (1);
cout << "\nThe grade entered was: " << grade << endl;
system("pause"); return 0;
73
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { double grade; do { cout << "\nEnter a grade (enter 999 to exit): "; cin >> grade; if(grade == 999) break; else if(grade < 0 || grade > 100) cout << "An invalid grade has been entered! " << "Please reenter a valid grade." << endl; else break; } while (1); if(grade != 999) cout << "\nThe grade entered was: " << grade << endl; system("pause"); return 0; }
74
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { double grade; int invalid = 0; do { cout << "\nEnter a grade: "; cin >> grade; if(grade < 0 || grade > 100) { invalid++; if(invalid == 5) break; cout << "An invalid grade has been entered! " << "Please reenter a valid grade." << endl; } else break; } while (1); if(invalid != 5) cout << "\nThe grade entered was: " << grade << endl; system("pause"); return 0; }
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CSC1100 Lecture 05 Chapter 5

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A First Book of C++

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

19/10/2012 MID TERM EXAM (10.0012.00)

Exercises & Homework

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

The while statement

The while Statement

The while Statement (cont'd.)

Steps in execution of while statement:

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

The while Statement (cont'd.)

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

The while Statement (cont'd.)

Variation: counter is incremented by a value other than 1 Example:

The while Statement (cont'd.)

// starting Celsius value

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

Interactive while Loops

Interactive while Loops

Combining interactive data entry with the repetition of a while statement

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

Interactive while Loops (cont'd.)

The number entered is 5

The number entered is 1267.89

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

Interactive while Loops (cont'd.)

Example (Program 5.6): adding a single number to a total

total = total + num;

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

Interactive while Loops (cont'd.)

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

Interactive while Loops (cont'd.)

The final total is 1402.546

Values must be selected so as not to conflict with legitimate data values

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

break and continue Statements

Use in while, for, and do-while statements:

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

break and continue Statements (cont'd.)

while, do-while, and

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

The Null Statement

Used where a statement is syntactically required but no action is called for

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

The for Statement

The for Statement

The for Statement (cont'd.)

Figure 5.5 ( 202)

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

The for Statement (cont'd.)

Program 5.9 modified: initializer outside for loop