THERMODYNAMICS -is the science relating heat and work transfers and the related changes in the properties

of the working substance. The working substance is isolated from its surroundings in order to determine its properties. - Concerned with heat and its relation to temperature, work and energy.

Terms to consider:
System- means a substance or combination of substances. Such system could be: physical- such as engine chemical- burning tire biological- humans, plants, animals

Environment- refer to the surroundings with which the system interact/s.

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

ZEROTH LAW

If two object are in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

System 3 is in thermal contact with both systems 1 and 2; but 1 and 2 are NOT in thermal contact with each other. When 1 and 2 are each in thermal equilibrium with 3 (meaning they have the same temperature as 3), then 1 and 2 are now in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Try this:

Explain why a can of soft drink remains at a constant cool temperature inside a refrigerator.

THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
ISOCHORIC OR ISOVOLUMETRIC- takes place at constant volume so that no work is done on or by the system.

heat

Increase in internal energy

The rise in temperature produced by transfer of heat into the substance inside a closed nonexpanding cylindrical container in hot environment. Energy is transferred to the system ( closed container). The systems volume is kept nearly constant by the cylinders walls. The heat added to this closed system simply increases the internal energy of the system.

Isothermal process

Takes place at constant temperature and in which the systems internal energy remains the same.

heat

Example is a thermos. Hot water is poured into the thermos bottle. The insulation of the bottle keeps the temperature inside constant for a long time, and the internal energy remains the same. Heat is added to this particular example goes solely.

Adiabatic process

The energy is not transferred to or from a system by heat. This can be accomplished either by surrounding the system with a good heat insulator or by performing the process quickly.

A good example of this is the compression of the mixture of gasoline vapor and air that occurs in the compression stroke in an internal combustion engine. The expansion of the burned fuel during the power stroke is an adiabatic expansion with a drop in temperature.

Isobaric process

There is a change in the internal energy, the amount of heat flowing into the system, and the work done by the system while the pressure remains constant.

No change in pressure
work

Increase in internal energy

heat

Boiling occurs at constant atmospheric pressure since the container is open. When the water boils, it undergoes a phase changefrom liquid to steam. No amount of heat can further increase the waters temperature. Volume changes as the water continues to evaporate.

First law of thermodynamics

The change in internal energy of a system equals the difference between the heat taken in or given out by the system and the work done by or on the system.

In equation: U= Q-W
Where: Q the net amount of heat flowing into a system during a given process W- the net work done by the system U- the change in the systems internal energy. The SI unit is joule (J).

The first law simply means that when an amount of heat Q is added to a system, some of this added energy remains in the system increasing its internal energy by an amount U while the rest of added energy leaves the system as the system does work ( Joules /Childers, 1999)

Process Adiabatic ( no heat transfer process)

Condition No heat enters or leaves the system

Mathematical expression Since Q=0, so U= -W, a negative work done means the surroundings work on the system , increases the systems internal energy If T=0, then U=0;so Q=W, means, heat removes the energy added to the system by work done on it ;or energy added to the system by heat is removed by the work done on the system If V=0,then PV=0;W=0; so U=Q.the systems internal energy increases when the energy added to the system by the heat is positive or the internal energy decreases when the energy removed from the system by the heat is negative U0;Q0;W0; so W= p ( V2 V1), the net work done by the system is equal to the change in volume x the pressure

Isothermal ( constanttemperature process)

Temperature and internal energy of the system are constant

Isovolumetric or isochoric ( constant-volume process)

Volume of the system does not change; no work done

Isobaric (constant-pressure process)

Pressure in the system does not change

Sample problem

A -140-J of work is done on a gaseous refrigerant as it undergoes compression. What is the total amount of energy transferred by heat if there is an increase of 120J in the internal energy of the system? Is energy increased or decreased?

Given:

Solution:

W= -140J ( negative , since work is done on the gas.) U= 120J (positive, since internal energy increases during the process) Find: Q

U= Q-W Q= U + W = 120J+(-140J) Q = -20J

Since Q is negative, this means that energy is transferred by heat from the refrigerant.

Try this:

The internal energy of a system is initially 25J. The system does 24J of work. What is the systems final internal energy when a total of 36J of energy is added to the system?