Citing and Referencing using Harvard ..and why we need to do it!

What is citation and referencing?

Citation the note in the text:
Looks like: (Smith, 2012), or [1]

Reference full details at end of assignment Bibliography or Reference list list of all your references used

Why do we need to reference?

Evidence Show your reading and how you develop your argument Provide sources for different points of view Credit for the author of the original To avoid plagiarism

What is plagiarism?
Cheating by passing off someone elses work as your own. This can be facts, ideas or words that someone else has created. You can use other peoples work as long as you make it clear that you did not create it. Do the reading and prove that you have understood the topic by quoting or making reference to it

Some kinds of plagiarism

Copy and paste
Taking the exact words that someone else has written and putting them into your piece of work without making it clear that you are quoting someone elses words. It does not matter where the text is from, you must acknowledge that someone else wrote it.

Some kinds of plagiarism

Word switching
Taking someone elses words and changing just one word here and there, or taking little bits of sentences. If you are basically quoting someone elses words, you must acknowledge that you are doing it.

Some kinds of plagiarism

Concealing your sources
If you quote from one text several times throughout your work, you must make it clear every single time that you are quoting.

Some kinds of plagiarism

Colluding with other people
Copying other students work, or letting them copy yours, is still plagiarism. You are trying to deceive the lecturer into thinking that you have done work that you have not really done. Getting a great deal of help from other people in preparing a piece of work which is submitted in your name can be plagiarism.

Some kinds of plagiarism

Self plagiarism
Yes, it is possible to plagiarise from yourself. Reusing work from a previous assignment without making it clear what you are doing is deceiving the lecturer who is marking this piece of work. Of course, you can refer to work you have already done, but you must quote it like any other source. As you read you will see authors referring to work they have previously published.

Common knowledge
If you have to look something up, it is probably not common knowledge and you should acknowledge the source where you found it out. Common knowledge
Bradford is a city in Yorkshire. Bradford Metropolitan District has a population of 600,000 people.
Needs a source

So, how can I avoid doing these things?

Always make it clear when you are using someone elses work To do this you need to know about: Paraphrasing Quoting Making good notes Citing and referencing correctly

Quoting
This is when you use the exact words of someone elses work. You must make it plain exactly which words you are quoting, and acknowledge the source that they came from. Charts, diagrams, pictures etc. from someone elses work also count as direct quotes.

Paraphrasing
This is when you read someone elses work, think about it, and rewrite it in your own words, keeping the facts and ideas of the original source. It shows you have understood the original work You must acknowledge the source, because you did not come up with the facts by yourself

What do a paraphrase and a quote look like?

A quote from a book:

More and more businesses and shoppers are gravitating toward a new food marketplace, where farmers and eaters are building linkages that make it possible for eaters to buy an increasing percentage of their food from small, local businesses they know and trust. (Ritchie, 2002, p.93)
Notice the quote marks. Page number

What do a paraphrase and a quote look like?

The same ideas, paraphrased: Ritchie (2002) says that more people are buying food from small local businesses which connect them more closely with the food producers.
Ritchie, M. (2002) Be a local hero: strengthening our communities, health and environment by eating local. In: Schor, J and Taylor, B. (eds) Sustainable Planet. Boston: Beacon Press. pp.74-98.

Helping yourself by making good notes

When you are reading for an assignment, keep full records of all the things you use- the author, title, page numbers and make it clear to yourself where each piece of information you write down comes from.
You can use the EndNote software, a note pad, note cards

From making notes to writing an essay

Your essays must be more than a string of notes you have taken from things you have read. Try planning your work using mind maps Contact the Learner Development Unit for more information: http://www.brad.ac.uk/learner-development/

Harvard System
Harvard is based on author names and dates of publication It is one of a number of citation systems used in the University Check our pages to see which is recommended for your department: http://www.bradford.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/

Where to Cite
In brief, at the point in your text when you refer to a source
Authors name, then date (and page number)

In full, at the end of your work

full bibliographic references in author order

Anatomy of a book reference: (Cameron, 2005)

Author(s) (family name first) (Year of Publication)

Book title

Cameron, S. (2005) Econometrics. Maidenhead: McGraw Hill Education.

Place of publication
Name of publisher

Anatomy of a book reference a different edition. (Lipsey & Chrystal, 2007)

Author(s) (family name first) (Year of Publication)

Book title

Lipsey, R. and Chrystal, K.A. (2007) Economics. (11th edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Edition (in brackets) Place of publication Publisher

A chapter reference (Arestis & Sawyer, 2000)

Author(s) (family name first) (Year of Publication)

Chapter title

Editors (family names first)

Arestis, P. and Sawyer, M. (2000) The deflationary consequences of the single currency. In: Baimbridge, M., Burkitt, B. and Whyman, P. (eds.) The Impact of the Euro: Debating Britains Future. Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp.100-112
Page numbers of chapter Place of publication

Publisher

Book title

Anatomy of a journal article reference (Toner & Franks, 2006)

Author(s) (family name first) (Year of Publication)

Article title

Toner, A. and Franks, T. (2006) Putting livelihoods thinking into practice: implications for development management. Public Administration and Development. Vol. 26, no. 1, February, pp.81-92.
Page numbers Volume Issue

Journal title

Or
When you feel more confident with referencing journal articles you can abbreviate the volume, issue and page numbers.

Toner, A. and Franks, T. (2006) Putting livelihoods thinking into practice: implications for development management. Public Administration and Development. 26 (1) 81-92.
Issue

Volume

Page numbers

Anatomy of a website (BBC, 2009)

Institutional Author (Year of Publication) Source title

BBC (2009) Country Profiles: Venezuela. Available at:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/country_profiles/default.stm
( Accessed 9 October 2009)

URL (date accessed)

Citing References in the text

You will need to include: Author(s) Date Page number(s), if a quote
e.g. Cameron (2005) argued that the short answer would be equations (Cameron, 2005, p.3)

Citing references within the text

These examples have been fully discussed by Todaro (1995), and expanded upon further by Gillis et al. (1996). Or Examples have been discussed and expanded upon (Todaro, 1995; Gillis et al., 1996)

Listing references at the end of the text

In the Harvard system, full references appear at the end of the text, in alphabetical order, and then in date order.

Further help..
Handout with 4 main reference types on it For other types of material see Social Sciences Referencing page: http://www.bradford.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/ citation-and-referencing-for-the-social-sciences/ Also see the library page on avoiding plagiarism at : http://www.brad.ac.uk/library/plagiarism.php