Quality of Power Supply: Concepts, Technology & Regulations

Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Electric Power
Electricity must be Economical Secure Stable Reliable Good quality
Power Quality is defined as "any power

problem manifested in voltage, current, and/or frequency deviations that results in the failure and/or mal-operation of end Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, users equipment. JNTUHCEH

Quality of Supply?
Refers to: Supply reliability + Voltage Quality Supply Reliability: relates to the availability of power at given point of system (continuity). Voltage Quality: relates to the purity of the characteristics of the voltage waveform including the absolute voltage level and frequency. QoS= Uninterrupted supply of power with sinusoidal voltage and current waveform at acceptable frequency and voltage magnitude. Quality of Service = Quality of Supply + Customer relations
Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Voltage or Power Quality

Due to Disturbances e.g. transients (switching/ lightning), faults etc. (resulting in voltage sag, swell, oscillatory and impulsive waveform, interruption) Due to Steady State Variations e.g. nonlinear characteristics of loads, furnace/induction heating loads, switching of converters etc. (resulting in harmonics, notching and noise).

Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Effects of Poor Power Quality

Possible effects of poor power quality are: Maloperation (of control devices, mains signaling systems and protective relays) More loss (in electrical system) Fast aging of equipments. Loss of production Radio, TV and telephone interference Failure of equipments
Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Why PQ becomes important ?

The widespread use of sensitive microprocessor-based controls and power electronics devices for higher efficiency, pf improvements, adjustable speed drives etc. Huge economic losses if equipment fails or malfunctions; The proliferation of large computer systems into many businesses and commercial facilities; The development of power electronics equipment for improving system stability, operation, and efficiency (these devices are a major source of bad power quality and are themselves vulnerable to such quality of power);
Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Continued..
Deregulation of power industry, which gives customers the right to demand higher quality of power; There are some indications that information about the PQ itself will become a valuable commodity after deregulation subject to negotiations, pricing, ownership, etc
The complex interconnection of systems, resulting in more severe consequences if any one component fails;

Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

PQ Disturbances and their causes PQ Disturbances

Transients Short Duration Voltage Variations Long Duration Voltage Variations Interruptions Waveform Distortion Voltage Fluctuation (flicker) Frequency Variation Harmonics

Main causes of poor PQ

Nonlinear loads Adjustable-speed drives Traction drives Start of large motor loads Arc furnaces Intermittent loads transients Lightning Switching, transients Faults

Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Some typical PQ disturbances

Voltage sags
Major causes: faults, starting of large loads, and Capacitor switching transients Major causes: a power factor correction method Major consequences: insulation breakdown or sparkover, semiconductor device damage, shorts, accelerated aging, loss of data or stability

Harmonics
Major causes: power electronic equipment, arcing, transformer saturation Major consequences: equipment overheating, high voltage/current, protective device operations

Major consequences: shorts, accelerated aging, loss of data or stability, process interrupt, etc.

Voltage Sag

Capacitor Switching

Harmonics

Lightning transients
Major causes: lightning strikes Major consequences: insulation breakdown or sparkover, semiconductor device damage, shorts, accelerated aging, loss of data Lightning Strike or stability

High impedance faults (One of the most difficult power system protection problems) Major causes: fallen conductors, trees (fail to establish a permanent return path) Major consequences: fire, threats to High personal safetyImpedance Fault (RMS)

Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

IEEE Std 1159-1995

Categories Typical spectral content Typical duration Typical voltage mag.

Transients
-Impulsive -Nanosecond
-Microsecond -Millisecond 5nsecrise < 50 nsec 50 nsec 1 sec rise -1 msec 0.1 msec rise > 1msec < 5kHz 5 -500 kHz 0.5 -5 MHz 0.3 -50 msec 20 sec 5 sec 0-4pu 0-8pu 0-4pu

-Oscillatory - Low frequency

- Medium frequency - High frequency

Short duration variations

-Instantaneous
- Interruption - Sag (dip) - Swell 0.5 -30 cycles 0.5 -30 cycles 0.5 -30 cycles 30 cycles -3 sec 30 cycles -3 sec Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, 30 cycles -3 sec Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH < 0.1 pu 0.1 -0.9 pu 1.1 -1.8 pu < 0.1 pu 0.1 -0.9 pu 1.1 -1.4 pu

- Momentary
- Interruption - Sag (dip) -Swell

Continued.
Temporary -Interruption - Sag (dip) - Swell 3sec -1min 3sec -1min 3sec -1min > 1min > 1min > 1min Steady state < 0.1 pu 0.1 -0.9 pu 1.1 -1.2 pu 0.0 pu 0.8 -0.9 pu 1.1 -1.2 pu 0.5 -2 %

Long duration variations - Interruption sustained - Under-voltages - Over-voltages

Voltage unbalance Wave distortion

dc offset Harmonics Inter-harmonics Notching Noise 0 -100th harmonic

0-6 kHz Broadband

< 25 Hz

Steady state Steady state Steady state Steady state Steady state Intermittent < 10 sec

0-0.1% 0 -20 % 0-2% 0.1 % 0.1-7%

Voltage fluctuations Power frequency variations

Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Harmonics
It is a steady state periodic phenomenon that produces continuous distortion in voltage and current waveform. It is normally caused by saturable devices, power electronics devices and non linear consumer loads. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is a measure of harmonic voltage/current. The THD in a voltage waveform is defined as
THD

V
n2

2 n

V1

where, Vn is the magnitude of nth harmonic voltage and V1 is the magnitudeKalavthi, Professor, Dr M. Surya of fundamental voltage.
Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Effect of harmonics on waveform

180 Out of Phase

In Phase

The above is an integer harmonic. Depending on the type of loads, subharmonics or interharmonics are also generated.
Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Spectrum of a Typical Distorted Voltage Waveform

(a) Distorted Waveform 1.5

(b) Spectrum of (a)

1
1

0.8
0.5

THD= 43.83%

Harmonics Magnitudes (pu)

Voltage (pu)

0.6

0 Fundamental

0.4

-0.5

-1

0.2

-1.5

0.005

0.01 Time(s)

0.015

0.02

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Harmonics Number

Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

 Although easy to measure, the THD does not show the interference impact of the signal. Total Demand Distortion (TDD) is a measure of the THD taking into account the circuit rating. As the circuit rating versus load current rises, TDD drops TDD = THD x (Fundamental load current/circuit rating)

Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

What do harmonics do?

Harmonics are carried through the system from the source and can nearly double the amount of current on the neutral conductor in three phase four wire distribution systems. Distorted currents from harmonic-producing loads also distort the voltage, which appear to other end users on the system. Overall electrical system performance and power quality is affected by the introduction of harmonics, such as
Overheating of Transformers, Capacitors and Motors Mal-operation Relays and Circuit Breakers Communication Interference Problems Unreliable Operation of Electronic Equipment Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Computer (PC/CPU) data errors / data loss Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Order of typical harmonics generated by non-linear loads?

Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Power Quality Related Standards of the IEEE

(Recommended Practices) IEEE 446 - Emergency and Standby Power IEEE 519 - Harmonic Control IEEE 1001 - Interface with Dispersed Generation IEEE 1100 - Power and Grounding Electronics IEEE 1159 - Monitoring Power Quality IEEE 1250 - Service to Critical Loads IEEE 1346 - System Compatibility in Industrial Environments IEEE 1366 - Electric Utility Reliability Indices
Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Harmonic Voltage Limit as per IEEE-519 (utilities responsibility)

Bus Voltage Maximum Individual Harmonic Component (%) Maximum THD (%)

69 kV and below 3.0% 115 kV to 161 kV 1.5%

5.0% 2.5%

Above 161 kV

1.0%
Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

1.5%

Harmonic Current Limit as per IEEE-519 (customers responsibility)

SCR =Isc/IL
<20 20 -50 50 -100

h<11
4.0 7.0 10.0

11<h<17 17<h<23 23<h<35 35<h

2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5 7.0 1.5 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4

TDD
5.0 8.0 12.0 15.0 20.0

100 -1000 12.0 >1000 15.0

Values shown are in % of average maximum load current SCR = short circuit ratio (short circuit current at point of common coupling divided by customer average maximum load current) TDD = Total Demand Distortion (uses maximum load current as the base, rather than the fundamental current)
Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Indian standards on harmonic limits

CBIP Report No. 251 Total Harmonic Distortion (THDV) = 9% in 0.4 < U < 45 kV APERC The cumulative (THDv) at the Point of Commencement of Supply for each consumer connected at 33kV shall be limited to 8% (as per Grid Code) The cumulative (THDv) at the Point of Commencement of Supply for each consumer connected at 11kV shall be limited to 8% (as per Grid Code) M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dr
Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

IEC Standards for Harmonic Distortion Levels

Customer/System Limits IEEE 519-1992 IEC 1000-2-2 (Compatibility Levels) IEC 1000-3-6 G5/3 (United Kingdom) Equipment Limits IEC 1000-3-2 (Formerly IEC 555-2) up to 16 amps IEC 1000-3-4 16-75 amps How to Measure Harmonics IEC 1000-4-7
*IEC 1000-3-3, IEC 1000-3-5 specifies limits for unbalance as LV-MV: 2% HV: 1%
* Also specifies flicker limits
Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Power Acceptability Curve

Quantify acceptability of power supply as a function of voltage imbalance magnitude and its duration (based on energy concept). Originally developed by Computer Business Equipment Manufacturers (CBEMA) to define capability limit of computers. It has become standard for all types of electrical equipments and power system. Other standard is by Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC).
Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Computer Business Equipment Manufacturing Association (CBEMA) curve

250 200

OVER VOLTAGE C ON D ITION S

150

PERCENT CHANGE IN BUS VOLTAGE

100

50

ACCEPTABLE POWER
8.33 ms

RATED VOLTAGE

-50

0.5 CYCLE

U N D ER VOLTAGE C ON D ITION S

-100 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE,IN SECONDS TIME JNTUHCEH 10 100 1000

Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC) Curve

250 200

OVERVOLTAGE CONDITIONS
150

PERCENT CHANGE IN BUS VOLTAGE

100

50

0.5 CYCLE

+ 10% -0

ACCEPT ABLE PO W ER
8.33 ms

RATED VOLTAGE

-50

UNDERVOLTAGE CONDITIONS

-100 0.0001 0.001

Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, TIME Dept. EEE,IN SECONDS JNTUHCEH

0.01

0.1

10

100

1000

Service reliability indicators

Reliability of supply can be defined as the ability of the power system to deliver electrical power to a given consumer over a specified period of time. For a given customer, the reliability of supply can usually be assessed by two parameters:
The number of Interruption during a year The average duration of an interruption

Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Indicators based on system performance

SAIDI: System Average Interruption Duration Index (Minutes/ customer . year)

Duartion of all Customers interruptions

Totalno. of Customers

SAIFI: System Average Interruption Frequency Index (Interruptions/ customer. year)

Totalannual no. of interrupti ons Totalno. of Customers

ASAI: Average Service Availability Index (% or pu)
( No.of Customers 8760) Totalno. of Customers 8760
Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Duartion of all Customers interruptions

 ASAI: Average Service Unavailability Index =1-ASAI AENS: Average Energy Not Supplied (kWh/customer.year)

Energy Not Supplied Number of Customers

Indicators related to individual customer

CAIDI: Customer Average Interruption Duration Index Number (Minutes/ year)

Duartion of all Customers interruptions

Totalno. of Interrupti ons

CAIFI: Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index Number

Totalannual no. of interruptions No. M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dr of Customers affected

Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

 CTAIDI: Customer Total Average Interruption Duration Index (Minutes/ year)

Duartion of all Customers interruptions

Totalno. of Customers affected

MICIF: Maximum Individual Customer Interruption Frequency (occurrences /year) = max. interruptions experienced by any customer during the period
MICID: Maximum Individual Customer Interruption Duration (occurrences /year) = max. total interruptions time experienced by any customer during the period MAIFI : Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index

relates to momentary interruptions of < 3 . 5 min duration

Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Reliability index monitoring in India

Reliability monitoring is based on the following parameters: No. of outages of 11 kV feeders. Duration of outages of 11 kV feeders. Feeder Reliability

A B 100 A
where A = No of feeders x24x60xNo of days in a month B = Outage duration in minutes

Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

State ANDHRA PRADESH ANDHRA PRADESH ANDHRA PRADESH DELHI

State Capital/Urban Agglomeration Hyderabad Vishakhapatnam Vijaywada Delhi(NDPL Area)

Feeder Reliability 2004-05 99.5 99.78 99.46 99.43 2005-06 99.47 99.87 99.64 99.85 2006-07 99.38 99.43 99.7 99.96

DELHI
DELHI GUJARAT GUJARAT KERALA KERALA MAHARASHTRA PUNJAB PUNJAB TAMIL NADU TAMIL NADU TAMIL NADU TAMIL NADU

Delhi(East & Central)

Delhi(West & South) Ahmedabad Surat Thiruvananthapuram Kochi Mumbai (Suburbs) Amritsar Ludhiana Chennai Coimbatore Trichy Virudhachalam

98.8
98.88 99.91 99.79 99.56 98.78 99.99 99.51 99.43 99.8 99.32 99.71 99.59

99.11
99.06 99.92 99.90 99.95 99.18 99.99 97.15 99.35 99.74 99.18 99.78 99.41

99.58
99.62 99.92 99.34 99.93 99.14 99.99 97.63 99.17 99.78 99.05 99.85 99.75

WEST BENGAL

Kolkata Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor,

99.96

99.88

99.74

State Capital/Urban Agglomeration

Outage duration per feeder (hh:mm)

State
ANDHRA PRADESH ANDHRA PRADESH ANDHRA PRADESH ANDHRA PRADESH Hyderabad Anantapur Vishakhapatnam Vijaywada

2004-05
43:37 11:46 19:26 47:28

2005-06
46:13 76:44 11:08 31:21

2006-07
53:60 393:54 49:58 26:04

DELHI
DELHI DELHI GUJARAT GUJARAT

Delhi(NDPL Area)
Delhi(East & Central) Delhi(West & South) Ahmedabad Surat

49:33
105:14 98:07 08:00 18:17

13:34
77:40 82:31 07:07 09:00

03:54
37:05 33:29 07:14 57:58

KERALA
KERALA MAHARASHTRA PUNJAB PUNJAB

Thiruvananthapuram
Kochi Mumbai (Suburbs) Amritsar Ludhiana

38:22
106:34 01:06 43:02 50:04

04:15
71:55 01:16 249:32 57:16

06:11
75:19 01:01 207:24 72:50

TAMIL NADU
TAMIL NADU WEST BENGAL

Chennai
Erode
Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

17:35
11:55

23:09
49:15 10:36

18:54
76:40 22:40

Dr Kolkata M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, 03:26

State ANDHRA PRADESH ANDHRA PRADESH ANDHRA PRADESH DELHI

State Capital/Urban Agglomeration Hyderabad Vishakhapatnam Vijaywada Delhi(NDPL Area)

No of Outages per feeder 2004-05 117 1 125 26 2005-06 143 9 97 10 2006-07 134 51 87 4

DELHI
DELHI GUJARAT GUJARAT KERALA KERALA MAHARASHTRA PUNJAB PUNJAB TAMIL NADU TAMIL NADU TAMIL NADU TAMIL NADU

Delhi(East & Central)

Delhi(West & South) Ahmedabad Surat Thiruvananthapuram Kochi Mumbai (Suburbs) Amritsar Ludhiana Chennai Coimbatore Trichy Virudhachalam

68
60 4 8 76 253 3 93 40 96 86 34 33

77
76 4 4 12 229 4 260 41 105 105 37 51

38
34 4 6 11 222 3 171 49 82 123 29 36

WEST BENGAL

Kolkata Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor,

31

Monitoring and Mitigation of PQ Problems

Requires continuous and extensive monitoring of different power system quantities. Detection and identification of power quality related disturbances and categorizing them. Analysis of the identified problems to their probable causes. Prevention and corrections of the probable causes either automatically or manually. Mitigation devices include Active Filters, DSTATCOM, DVR, UPQC.
Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Role of Regulators
Set general quality targets at different levels Comparison of Standards Monitor quality levels Penalties for not respecting quality standards Financial compensation scheme Dispute settlement procedures Quality of supply in changing environment

Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Conclusions
Quality of Supply is an important issue to be addressed by utilities as well as customers at transmission & distribution levels. Indigenous QoS standards should be developed based on the techno-economic analysis. To improve the QoS, network and generation capabilities must be enhanced. Power quality problems have been classified in different forms. Its analysis and classification is very important. Proper monitoring of PQ signals, its analysis to identify the type of the PQ problem, its impact analysis and installing different types of mitigation devices in the system are the main steps in addressing the PQ problems. Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor,
Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH

Thank You .. ?
Dr M. Surya Kalavthi, Professor, Dept. EEE, JNTUHCEH