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TO THE
AGRICOS
Bt Cotton: An Over View
Dr.V.C.Subba Rayudu
2006-07 2007-08
State Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield
Punjab 6.07 26.00 728 6.48 24.00 630
Haryana 5.30 16.00 513 4.78 16.00 569
Rajasthan 3.50 8.00 389 3.68 9.00 416
North Total 14.87 50.00 572 14.94 49.00 558
Gujarat 23.90 101.00 718 25.16 110.00 743
Maharashtra 30.70 52.00 288 31.91 60.00 320
Madhya Pradesh 6.39 18.00 479 6.62 21.00 539
Central Total 60.99 171.00 477 63.69 191.00 510
Andhra Pradesh 9.72 35.00 612 10.96 43.00 667
Karnataka 3.75 6.00 272 3.71 8.00 367
Tamil Nadu 1.22 5.00 697 1.23 5.00 691
South Total 14.69 46.00 532 15.90 56.00 599
Others 0.87 1.00 195 0.77 2.00 442
Total 268.00 298.00
Loose Lint 12.00 12.00
Area in Production in
Year lakh lakh bales of Yield kgs per hectare
hectares 170 kgs
Note : Figures in
bracket indicate Figures in lakh bales of
percentage to the total 170 kgs each
COTTON Bollworms
Heliothes armigera
(American bollworm )
Earias fabia
(spotted bollworm)
Pectinofera gossipella
(pink bollworm)
Spodoptera marutia
(tobacco caterpillar)
SUPPRESSED. Populations of pink
bollworm (above) shrink in regions with
abundant Bt cotton.
T. Dennehy
NATURE OF DAMAGE
caused by Bollworms
CATERPILLERS feed voraciously on the
foliage, buds, flowers & developing bolls.
They insert head inside bolls and feed on
the succulant fruit,( the other part of the
body remaining out side the boll).
A big hole can be seen on several bolls as a
symptom of the damage caused by
bollworms
Adults do not cause damage.
Life cycle of Bollworms
Eggs are spherical and yellowish colored.
They are laid on flowers,bolls,squares and
rarely on leaves and tender shoots.
Pupation generally takes place in soil.
Egg period is 2 to 3 days.
Larval period is 10 to 15 days.
Pupation period 5 to 7 days
Single female can lay 3000 eggs in a
generation.
The Bollgard Advantage is Subthreshold ProtectionTM. Protecting
Against Yield Loss Before and Between Sprays.
Relative importance of cotton pests as targeted by farmers in India
(% represent the degree of importance given)
Helicoverpa 79
Jassids 45
Aphid 42
Whitefly 28
Cotton leafroller 22
Thrips 20
Tobacco caterpillar 19
Spotted bollworm 17
Red spider mite 12
Pink bollworm 9
Dusky cotton bug 5 Percentages
Mites 2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
12
9.3
10
7.8 7.3
8 6.9 6.5 6.1 5.2
5.9 5.5
6
0
Andhra Karnataka Punjab Madhya Haryana Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Maharashtra Gujarat Total
Pradesh Pradesh Average
Germany
1938 Bt Commercial product- Sporeine in France
1940s Bt -Large scale - Thuricide by Sandoz
Bt Formulations:
Spore and Crystal proteins
Large scale production 1950s -
Thuricide TM
Never occupied large share
Organic farmers and gardeners
Plausible reasons:
Lack of Stability
Failure to Penetrate
Too Narrow Specificity
Crystal Protein
Gene Insect activity
shape size(kDa)
cry I [several
subgroups: bipyramid lepidoptera
130-138
A(a), A(b), A(c), B, C, D, al larvae
E, F, G]
–Gram-positive,Spore-forming
– Produces a crystal protein which is TOXIC
to the gut cells- CRY PROTIEN
Bipyramidal
Spherical
Rectangular
Irregular pointed
Irregular spherical
The delta-endotoxins from Bacillus
thuringiensis are able to form pores
in the midgut membrane of insects,
killing them through starvation and
septicemia. Their toxicity is highly
specific against insects in the orders
of Lepidoptera(caterpillars),Diptera
(mosquitoes and black flies) and
Coleoptera (beetles and weevils).
– TRANSGENIC PLANTS
– Plants that contain the FUNCTIONAL
CRY GENE
Cotton Production and Productivity
in Various Countries(2000)
Sl. No. Country Area Under Cotton Production of cotton Production of Cotton
(in 1000 ha) Kgs/ha (in 1000 tonnes)
1 India 8900 391 2856
2 USA 5376 769 4132
3 China 4560 943 4300
4 Pakistan 2890 552 1598
5 Turkey 709 1065 755
6 Egypt 360 873 315
7 Mexico 197 1056 208
CROP-WISE CONSUMPTION OF INSECTICIDES IN INDIA
Plantation
Others
Crops Cotton
Fruits & 8%
8% 54%
Vegetables
13%
Rice
17%
Union Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar had a rather
unusual bunch of visitors last week - Greenpeace
protesters dressed up as sheep and cattle, who camped
outside his office. The "animals" were asking for an
investigation into the death of 1,600 head of cattle and
sheep in Andhra Pradesh in April 2006. The deaths were
closely linked to prolonged consumption of Bt cotton
stalks and leaves that were left in fields after the harvest.
Bt cotton is the only genetically modified (GM) seed sold
in India. In the four years since it has been in use, not only
has it failed to live up to its claim of being a `miracle seed',
but it has also had harmful effects on biosafety. At a time
when the safety of Bt cotton is highly suspect, the
government's Genetic Engineering Approval Committee
•Field Testing
Monsanto developed first Transgenic
Bt Cotton
Trade Name BollgardTM
40.0
27.8 (153%)
30.0
20.0
11.0 (547%)
10.0 11.7
1.7 8.0
1.1 4.0
0.0
1996 1997 1998 1999
. Five major Gene
Giants -Pharmacia
(Monsanto), DuPont,
Syngenta, Bayer,
Dow - are the five
companies that
dominate ag biotech.
. Four industrial crop
commodities
soybeans [63%],
maize [19%],
cotton [13%],
canola [5%].
accounted for 100% of
the commercial GM crop
area planted in 2001.
Why develop Bt protected Cotton
Need
Tissue boring insects are difficult to reach with
chemical insecticides
Bt technology is:
Cost effective
Environmentally acceptable
Low-risk pest control tool
Why develop Bt protected Cotton
Positive aspects of Bt technology
Fee d Sa fe ty
Aller gen ic it y
Outc rossi ng
Effec ts on Non -ta rget O rga nis ms
Deve lop men t of Re si stance in
boll wor ms to Cr y1 Ac
Safety assessment summary for Bollgard
cotton shows . . .
Co mpo nen t Cha ng ed
Uncha nge d
Nu tri ti ona l c ompo siti on ✔
Anima l feed perfo rma nc e✔
(ro dents & birds
So il mi cro flor a )
To xica nts ✔
CPFA , a fl ato xi n * )
Bo llgard
Intro du ce d