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University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

2000 B.C. in India: water was to be heated, boiled,


or filtered to remove impurities

1450 B.C. in Egypt: drawings depicts people


siphoning liquid from a canister

“… whosoever wishes to
investigate medicine properly
should – consider the water that
the inhabitants use – for water
contributes much to health”

Hippocrates (460 to 354 B.C.)


Raw Water
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

Gases to
Aeration atmosphere

Lime CaCO3
Softening Mg(OH)2
Soda Ash

Chlorine
Filtration

Chlorine
Disinfection

Storage

Typical plant treating hard groundwater.


Raw Water
Chlorine
Gases to
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

Pre-sedimentation
Ammonia atmosphere

Alum
Mixing,
flocculation,
Polymers settling

Chlorine
Filtration

Adsorption

Chlorine
Disinfection

Typical plant treating turbid


surface water with organics Storage
Characteristics
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

Major sources of Public Drinking Water

Surface Water
- include streams and rivers, natural lakes, and constructed lakes
- exposed to plant and animal life and to human influences from land

- contains a wide variety of microorganisms and natural organics

Groundwater
- free of significant levels of organics
- low levels of microbial contamination

- contain significant levels of dissolved inorganics


(e.g. carbonates, iron and manganese)
Treatment Processes
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

Objective: to produce a safe, aesthetically pleasing water

Gas Transfer (Aeration)


used to remove dissolved gases in water or to add oxygen to water
to convert undesirable substances to a more manageable form

CO2 – results in a corrosive water


– may interfere with other treatment process

H2S – imparts an unpleasant taste and odor to water


University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

Iron and Manganese – in the absence of oxidizing agents


both are stable in water

Oxidation Reaction

4 Fe 2+ + O2 + 10 H 2O → 4 Fe(OH ) 3 + 8 H +
2 Mn 2+ + O2 + 2 H 2O → 2 MnO2 + 4 H +
Liquid – Gas Contact Systems
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

-designed to drive the water – gas mixture toward equilibrium


-provide supersaturation or oxygen for oxidation purposes

Accomplished by:
Dispersing the water into the air
Dispersing the air into the water

Liquid film Liquid film

Bulk Liquid Bulk Liquid


Cs < Ct Cs > Ct
Bulk Bulk
Liquid Liquid

Gas film Gas film

(a) (b)
Figure 1. Water Dispersed in air: (a) desorption and (b) absorption.
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

Gas film Gas film

Bulk Liquid Bulk Liquid


Cs < Ct Cs > Ct
Bulk Bulk
Gas Gas

Liquid film Liquid film

(a) (b)
Figure 2. Air Dispersed in water: (a) desorption and (b) absorption.
Devices for Liquid – Gas Contact
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

Fountains

Cascade Towers

Tray Towers

Diffused Aerators
Solids Separation
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

Clarification

Sedimentation

Discrete Particles – whose size, shape and specific gravity


do not change with time
Flocculating Particles – whose surface properties are such
they aggregate with other particles

Dilute Suspensions – the concentration of particles is not sufficient


to cause significant displacement of water
as they settle

Concentrated Suspensions – there is velocity field interference


Coagulation
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

Table 1. Settling velocities of various size particles*


Particle diameter Size typical of Settling Velocity
(mm)
10 Pebble 0.73 m/s
1 Coarse Sand 0.23 m/s
0.1 Fine Sand 1.0 x 10-2 m/s (0.6m/min)
0.01 Silt 1.0 x 10-4 m/s (8.6m/day)
0.0001 Large Colloid 1.0 x 10-8 m/s (0.3m/yr)
0.000001 Small Colloid 1.0 x 10-13 m/s (3 m/million yr)
*
Spheres with specific gravity of 2.6 in water at 20oC

Stable – colloidal suspensions that do not agglomerate naturally

Large surface – to – volume ratio


– most important factor contributing to the stability of colloidal suspension

Coagulants – induces agglomeration


Major Forces Acting on Colloids
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

Electrostatic potential
Van der Waals Force

Figure 3. Reduction of collloidal electrostatic repulsion by


addition of trivalent aluminum ions.
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering
Flocculation
gentle mixing to speed the agglomeration process
Softening
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

Chemical Precipitation
- calcium hardness to calcium carbonate
- magnesium hardness to magnesium hydroxide

Lime-soda Process

Caustic soda Process


Lime-soda Process
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

Ca 2 + + 2( HCO3 ) − + CaO + H 2O → 2CaCO3 + 2 H 2O


Mg 2 + + 2( HCO3 ) − + CaO + H 2O → 2CaCO3 + Mg 2 + + CO32 −
Mg 2 + + CO32 − + CaO + H 2O → CaCO3 + Mg (OH ) 2
SO42 −  SO42 − 
   
   
Mg 2 + + 2Cl −  + CaO + H 2O → Ca 2 + + 2Cl −  + Mg (OH ) 2
 −  −
2 NO3  2 NO3 

 SO42 −   SO42 − 
   
2+  −  +  − 
Ca +  2Cl  + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2 Na +  2Cl 
 −  −
 2 NO3   2 NO3 
Caustic soda Process
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

CO2 + 2 NaOH → 2 Na + + CO32 − + H 2O


Ca 2 + + 2( HCO3 ) − + 2 NaOH → CaCO3 + 2 Na + + CO32 − + 2 H 2O
Mg 2 + + 2( HCO3 ) − + 4 NaOH → Mg (OH ) 2 + 4 Na + + 2CO32 − + 2 H 2O
Mg 2 + + SO42 − + 2 NaOH → Mg (OH ) 2 + 2 Na + + SO42 −
Stabilization
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

Addition of Acid

2CaCO3 + H 2 SO4 → 2Ca 2 + + 2( HCO3 ) − + SO42 −


Mg (OH ) 2 + H 2 SO4 → Mg 2 + + SO42 − + 2 H 2O

Recarbonation

CaCO3 + CO2 + H 2O → Ca 2 + + 2( HCO3 ) −


Mg (OH ) 2 + 2CO2 → Mg 2 + + 2( HCO3 ) −
Disinfection
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

Disinfection – operations aimed at killing or rendering


harmless, pathogenic microorganisms

Sterilization – the complete destruction of all living matter

Chlorination

Cl2 + H 2O → H + + HOCl
Ca (OCl ) 2 → Ca 2 + + 2OCl −
NaOCl → Na + OCl −
Ozone
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

high voltage
O2    → O + O
O + O2 ⇔ O3

Chlorine Dioxide

Effective in oxidizing phenolic compounds

Generated on-site in aqueous form by the


chlorination of sodium chlorite at low pH

Irradiation with ultraviolet light


Dissolved-Solids Removal
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

Inorganic Materials
- demineralization and desalinization

Ion – exchange

Microporous Membranes

reverse osmosis
electrodialysis

Organic Materials

Adsorption

Chemical Oxidation
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering

Activity for the Day…….

4. What are the characteristics of a good disinfectant?


5. Why is aeration used in water-treatment plants?
Is it more commonly used in groundwater or surface water? Why?

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