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“… whosoever wishes to
investigate medicine properly
should – consider the water that
the inhabitants use – for water
contributes much to health”
Gases to
Aeration atmosphere
Lime CaCO3
Softening Mg(OH)2
Soda Ash
Chlorine
Filtration
Chlorine
Disinfection
Storage
Pre-sedimentation
Ammonia atmosphere
Alum
Mixing,
flocculation,
Polymers settling
Chlorine
Filtration
Adsorption
Chlorine
Disinfection
Surface Water
- include streams and rivers, natural lakes, and constructed lakes
- exposed to plant and animal life and to human influences from land
Groundwater
- free of significant levels of organics
- low levels of microbial contamination
Oxidation Reaction
4 Fe 2+ + O2 + 10 H 2O → 4 Fe(OH ) 3 + 8 H +
2 Mn 2+ + O2 + 2 H 2O → 2 MnO2 + 4 H +
Liquid – Gas Contact Systems
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering
Accomplished by:
Dispersing the water into the air
Dispersing the air into the water
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Water Dispersed in air: (a) desorption and (b) absorption.
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering
(a) (b)
Figure 2. Air Dispersed in water: (a) desorption and (b) absorption.
Devices for Liquid – Gas Contact
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering
Fountains
Cascade Towers
Tray Towers
Diffused Aerators
Solids Separation
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering
Clarification
Sedimentation
Electrostatic potential
Van der Waals Force
Chemical Precipitation
- calcium hardness to calcium carbonate
- magnesium hardness to magnesium hydroxide
Lime-soda Process
SO42 − SO42 −
2+ − + −
Ca + 2Cl + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2 Na + 2Cl
− −
2 NO3 2 NO3
Caustic soda Process
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering
Addition of Acid
Recarbonation
Chlorination
Cl2 + H 2O → H + + HOCl
Ca (OCl ) 2 → Ca 2 + + 2OCl −
NaOCl → Na + OCl −
Ozone
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering
high voltage
O2 → O + O
O + O2 ⇔ O3
Chlorine Dioxide
Inorganic Materials
- demineralization and desalinization
Ion – exchange
Microporous Membranes
reverse osmosis
electrodialysis
Organic Materials
Adsorption
Chemical Oxidation
University of San Carlos - Department of Chemical Engineering