BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY/SECURITY Prepared By: Loai Hattar Supervised By: Dr.

Loai Tawalbeh New York Institute of Technology (NYIT) Jordans campus-2006

Whats With the Name?

The name Bluetooth was named after 10th century Viking king in Denmark Harald Bluetooth who united and controlled Denmark and Norway.

The name was adopted because Bluetooth wireless technology is expected to unify the telecommunications and computing industries

Who Started Bluetooth?

Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)
Founded in Spring 1998
By Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia, Toshiba;

Now more than 2000 organizations joint the SIG

What Is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is an open standard for short-range digital radio to interconnect a variety of devices Cell phones, PDA, notebook computers, modems, cordless phones, pagers, laptop computers, printers, cameras by developing a single-chip, low-cost, radio-based wireless network technology

Bluetooth
Simplifying communications between: - devices and the internet - data synchronization Operates in licensed exempt ISM band at 2.4ghz Uses frequency hoping spread spectrum Omni directional, no requiring line of sight Bluetooth offers data speeds of up to 1 Mbps up to 10 meters (Short range wireless radio technology ) Unlike IrDA, Bluetooth supports a LAN-like mode where multiple devices can interact with each other. The key limitations of Bluetooth are security and interference with wireless LANs. Short range wireless radio technology

Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a PAN Technology
Offers fast and reliable transmission for both voice and data Can support either one asynchronous data channel with up to three simultaneous synchronous speech channels or one channel that transfers asynchronous data and synchronous speech simultaneously Support both packet-switching and circuitswitching

Bluetooth
Personal Area Network (PAN) Bluetooth is a standard that will
Eliminate wires and cables between both stationary and mobile devices Facilitate both data and voice communications Offer the possibility of ad hoc networks and deliver synchronicity between personal devices

Bluetooth Topology
Bluetooth-enabled devices can automatically locate each other Topology is established on a temporary and random basis Up to eight Bluetooth devices may be networked together in a master-slave relationship to form a Piconet

Cont.
One is master, which controls and setup the network All devices operate on the same channel and follow the same frequency hopping sequence Two or more piconet interconnected to form a scatter net Only one master for each piconet A device cant be masters for two piconets The slave of one piconet can be the master of another piconet

Ad-hoc

is a network connection method which is most often associated with wireless devices. The connection is established for the duration of one session and requires no base station. Instead, devices discover others within range to form a network for those computers. Devices may search for target nodes that are out of range by flooding the network with broadcasts that are forwarded by each node. Connections are possible over multiple nodes (multihop ad hoc network). Routing protocols then provide stable connections even if nodes are moving around

A piconet
is an ad-hoc computer network of devices using Bluetooth technology protocols to allow one master device to interconnect with up to seven active slave devices Up to 255 further slave devices can be inactive, or parked, which the master device can bring into active status at any time.

A Typical Bluetooth Network Piconet

Master sends its globally unique 48-bit id and clock
Hopping pattern is determined by the 48-bit device ID Phase is determined by the masters clock

Why at most 7 slaves?

(because a three-bit MAC adress is used).

Parked and standby nodes

Parked devices can not actively participate in the piconet but are known to the network and can be reactivated within some milliseconds 8-bit for parked nodes No id for standby nodes Standby nodes do not participate in the piconet

Security Protocol
There are five phases of Simple Pairing: Phase 1: Public key exchange Phase 2: Authentication Stage 1 Phase 3: Authentication Stage 2 Phase 4: Link key calculation Phase 5: LMP Authentication and Encryption
Phases 1, 3, 4 and 5 are the same for all protocols whereas phase 2 (Authentication Stage 1) is different depending on the protocol used. Distributed through these five phases are 13 steps.

Bluetooth Frequency
Has been set aside by the ISM( industrial ,sientific and medical ) for exclusive use of Bluetooth wireless products

Communicates on the 2.45 GHz frequency

Frequency Selection
FH is used for interference mitigation and media access; TDD (Test-Driven Development) is used for separation of the transmission directions In 3-slot or 5-slot packets

FH-CDMA (Frequency Hopping Code Division Multiple Access)

Frequency hopping (FH) is one of two basic modulation techniques used in spread spectrum signal transmission. It is the repeated switching of frequencies during radio transmission, often to minimize the effectiveness of the unauthorized interception or jamming of telecommunications. It also is known as frequency- hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA). Bluetooth uses a technique called spread-spectrum frequency hopping.

Avoiding Interference : Hopping

In this technique, a device will use 79 individual, randomly chosen frequencies within a designated range Transmitters change frequency 1600 times a second

Cont.
Each channel is divided into time slots 625 microseconds long Packets can be up to five time slots wide

Data in a packet can be up to 2,745 bits in length

Cont.
FH-CDMA to separate piconets within a scatternet

More piconets within a scatter net degrades performance Possible collision because hopping patterns are not coordinated
At any instant of time, a device can participate only in one piconet If the device participates as a slave, it just synchronize with the masters hop sequence

Cont.
The master for a piconet can join another piconet as a slave; in this case, all communication within in the former piconet will be suspended . When leaving a piconet, a slave notifies the master about its absence for certain amount of time. Communication between different piconets takes place by devices jumping back and forth between these nets

Simplified Bluetooth stack

Bluetooth Profile Structure

How Does It Work?

Bluetooth is a standard

for tiny, radio frequency chips that can be plugged into your devices
These chips were designed to

take all of the information that your wires normally send, and transmit it at a special frequency to something called a receiver Bluetooth chip. The information is then transmitted to your device

Bluetooth Chip

Bluetooth Chip

RF

Baseband Controller

Link Manager

SPECIFICATIONS Bluetooth specifications are divided into two:

Core Specifications
This bluetooth specification contains the Bluetooth Radio Specification as well as the Baseband, Link Manager, L2CAP, Service Discovery, RFCOMM and other specifications.

SPECIFICATIONS
Application Specifications
These specifications include the following Profiles Cordless Telephony Serial Port Headset Intercom Dialup Networking Fax File Transfer Service Discovery Application Generic Access

RADIO POWER CLASSES

The Bluetooth specification allows for three different types of radio powers: Class 1 = 100mW Class2 = 2.5mW Class 3 = 1mW These power classes allow Bluetooth devices to connect at different ranges High power radius have longer ranges. The maximum range for a Class 1, 100mW is about 100 meters. There is also a minimum range for a Bluetooth connection. The minimum range is around 10cm.

Power Management Benefits

Cable Replacement
Replace the cables for peripheral devices

Ease of file sharing

Panel discussion, conference, etc.

Wireless synchronization
Synchronize personal information contained in the address books and date books between different devices such as PDAs, cell phones, etc.

Bridging of networks
Cell phone connects to the network through dial-up connection while connecting to a laptop with Bluetooth.

Bluetooth Devices
Bluetooth will soon be enabled in everything from:
Telephones Headsets Computers Cameras PDAs Cars Etc

Bluetooth Products
Bluetooth-enabled PC Card

Bluetooth Products
Bluetooth-enabled PDA

Bluetooth Products
Bluetooth-enabled Cell Phone

Bluetooth Products
Bluetooth-enabled Head Set

Usage Models
Cordless computer Ultimate headset Three-in-one phone Interactive conference (file transfer) Direct network access Instant postcard

Wireless Technologies
There are two technologies that have been developed as wireless cable replacements: Infrared (IRDA) and radio (Bluetooth).

Why Not Infrared?

Intended for point to point links Limited to line of sight have a narrow angle (30 degree cone), Low penetration power Distance covered is low(1 meter approx) have a throughput of 9600 bps to 4 Mbps IrDA has proven to be a popular technology with compliant ports currently available in an array of devices including: embedded devices, phones, modems, computers (PCs) and laptops, PDAs, printers, and other computer peripherals

Compare Infrared, Bluetooth

Bluetooth Infrared
Infrared, narrow beam

Connection Type
Spectrum Data Rate Range Supported Devices

Spread Spectrum
2.4GHz 1Mbps 30 Feet Upto 8

Optical 850 nano meters 16Mbps 3 Feet 2

Cont..
Voice Channels 3 1 No special security

Data Security 8-128bit Key

Addressing

48 bit MAC

32 bit ID

Our Focus

Bluetooth security

Security of Bluetooth
Security in Bluetooth is provided on the radio paths only Link authentication and encryption may be provided True end-to-end security relies on higher layer security solutions on top of Bluetooth Bluetooth provides three security services Authentication identity verification of communicating devices Confidentiality against information compromise Authorization access right of resources/services

Fast FH together with link radio link power control provide protection from eavesdropping and malicious access Fast FH makes it harder to lock the frequency Power control forces the adversary to be in relatively close proximity

Security Modes (Authentication )

Exchange Business Cards
Needs a secret key

A security manager controls access to services and to devices

Security mode 2 does not provide any security until a channel has been established

Key Generation from PIN

PIN: 1-16 bytes. PINs are fixed and may be permanently stored. Many users use the four digit 0000

Bluetooth Key Generation From PIN

Bluetooth Initialization Procedure (Pairing)
Creation of an initialization key (ki)

Creation of a link key Authentication (ka)

Creation of an Initialization Key

PIN and its length (ki)

Creation of a link key Authentication

Challenge-Response Based Claimant: intends to prove its identity, to be verified Verifier: validating the identity of another device Use challenge-response to verify whether the claimant knows the secret (link key) or not . If fail, the claimant must wait for an interval to try a new attempt. The waiting time is increased exponentially to defend the try-and-error authentication attack Mutual authentication is supported Challenge (128-bit) Response (32-bit) 48-bit device address

Confidentiality
ACO (Authenticated Cipher Offset) is 96-bit, generated during the authentication procedure
ACO and the link key are never transmitted

Encryption key Kc is generated from the current link key

Kc is 8-bit to 128-bit, negotiable between the master and the slave Master suggests a key size Set the minimum acceptable key size parameter to prevent a malicious user from driving the key size down to the minimum of 8 bits

The key stream is different for different packet since slot number is different

Three Encryption Modes for Confidentiality Encryption Mode 1: -- No encryption is performed on any traffic Encryption Mode 2: -- Broadcast traffic goes unprotected
while uni cast traffic is protected by the unique key

Encryption Mode 3: -- All traffic is encrypted

Trust Levels, Service Levels (authorization )

Two trust levels: trusted and untrusted
Trusted devices have full access right Untrusted devices have restricted service access

Bluetooth Security Architecture

Step 1: User input (initialization or pairing)
Two devices need a common pin (1-16 bytes)

Step 2: Authentication key (128-bit link key) generation

Possibly permanent, generated based on the PIN, device address, random numbers, etc.

Step 3: Encryption key (128 bits, store temporarily) Step 4: key stream generation for xor-ing the payload

Security cont.
The security of the whole system relies on the PIN which may be too short
Users intend to use 4-digit short PINs, or even a null PIN

Utilized new cryptographic primitives, which have not gone through enough security analysis. (E0,E1,E20,E22) algorithms

E0 algorithm
The E0 algorithm is designed specifically for Bluetooth E0 has gone many security analysis. When used in Bluetooth mode, the security of E0 is decreased from 128-bit to 84-bit; when used outside of a Bluetooth system, its effective security is only 39-bit A Bluetooth device resets the E0 key after every 240 output bits, severely limiting the amount of known key stream that may be available to the cryptanalyst.

Short Key Attacks

we focus on .short key. attacks, that still manage to recover the key despite this limitation. attacker can guess the content of the registers of the three smaller LFSRs and of the E0 combiner state registers with a probability of 2 to power 93. This attack requires a total of 128 bits of known plaintext and ciphertext. The reverse engineering and verication takes approximately 27 operations. Making the total complexity of the attack 2to power100.

Long Key Attacks

an attack that recovers the session key in a similar way to what showed, only that assuming much more keystream is available within a packet and therefore the overall complexity was closer to O(2 to power 93).

 Short range was a countermeasure to force the attackers to be in close proximity;

now range extenders can be easily built

Attackers grow since information is more attractive

People use Bluetooth not only for personal information, but also for corporate information

Hacker Tools
Bluesnarfing: is the theft of information from a wireless device through a Bluetooth connection. By exploiting a vulnerability in the way Bluetooth is implemented on a mobile phone, an attacker can access information -- such as the user's calendar, contact list and e-mail and text messages -- without leaving any evidence of the attack. Other devices that use Bluetooth, such as laptop computers, may also be vulnerable, although to a lesser extent, by virtue of their more complex systems. Operating in invisible mode protects some devices, but others are vulnerable as long as Bluetooth is enabled.

Hacker Tools
Bluejacking is the sending of unsolicited messages over Bluetooth to Bluetooth-enabled devices such as mobile phones, PDAs or laptop computers, sending a vCard which typically contains a message in the name field It is widely believed that the term bluejacking comes from Bluetooth and hijacking. However, a bluejacker doesn't hijack anything: he or she merely uses a feature on the sender and the recipient's device. Both parties remain in absolute control over their devices, and a bluejacker will not be able to take over your phone or steal your personal information. Bluejacking is usually technically harmless, but because bluejacked people don't know what is happening, they think their phone is malfunctioning. Usually, a bluejacker will only send a text message, but with modern phones it's possible to send images or sounds as well.

Most important security weaknesses

Problems with E0 PIN Problems with E1 Location privacy Denial of service attacks

Problems with E0
Given all cryptographic primitives (E0, E1, E21, E22) used in Bluetooth Pairing/Bonding and authentication process the Bluetooth PIN can be cracked ? Focus on short PIN now. Output (KC) = combination of 4 LFSRs (Linear Feedback Shift Register) Key (KC) = 128 bits Best attack: guess some registers

PIN
Some devices use a fixed PIN (default=0000) Security keys = security PIN !!!! Possible to check guesses of PIN (SRES) -> brut force attack Weak PINs (1234, 5555,

Problems with E1
E1 = SAFER+ In cryptography, SAFER (Secure And Fast Encryption Routine) is the name of a family of block ciphers The early SAFER K and SAFER SK designs share the same encryption function, but differ in the number of rounds and the key schedule. More recent versions SAFER+ and SAFER++ All of the algorithms in the SAFER family are unpatented and available for unrestricted use.

Some security weaknesses (although not applicable to Bluetooth)

slow

Location privacy
Devices can be in discoverable mode Every device has fixed hardware address Addresses are sent in clear
possible to track devices (and users)

Denial of service attacks

Radio jamming attacks Buffer overflow attacks Blocking of other devices Battery exhaustion (e.g., sleep deprivation torture attack)

Other weaknesses
No integrity checks No prevention of replay attacks Man in the middle attacks Sometimes: default = no security

Advantages (+)
Wireless (No Cables)
No Setup Needed

Low Power Consumption (1 Milliwat)

Industry Wide Support

Disadvantages (-)
Short range (10 meters)
Small throughput rates

- Data Rate 1.0 Mbps

Mostly for personal use (PANs)

Fairly Expensive

Bluetooths Future
The future of this technology becoming a standard is likely

With a strong industry pushing behind it, success is inevitable.

Bluetooth will soon be known as Bluetooth 2.2 as they are trying to develop the product to better fulfill the needs of consumers Often, with new technology, early changes mean reconstruction. Not With Bluetooth, instead, there will be an improvement to the existing standard.

The End
Thank You, for attending my presentation.