CNC Turning Centre

Reference for Viva and practical Exam

FANUC POWER ON

10T

OFF

X00.0000 Z00.0000
FEED HOLD MDI AUTO EDIT 100% JOG HANDLE ZERO

O X I F M

N Y J D S]
V ?

G Z K H T

P Q R L

EOB )

A B C # /

Sp

7 4 1 +

8 9 5 6 2 3 0 =

RESET

START

CALC INPUT

CAN

PAGE

CURSOR SHIFT NC/PC

AUX

In key concept #1 we look at the machine from a programmers viewpoint

CYCLE START

ON OFF SINGLE BLOCK

DRY RUN

MACHINE LOCK

OPTIONAL STOP

BLOCK DELETE ORIGIN X Z

MODE RETURN
25% 10% 50% 100%

OFF

ON
X10

X+ ZXJOYSTICK

Z+ 0% FEEDRATE OVERRIDE
ON SPINDLE
100% 0%

MEMORY PROTECT
6 7 8 9 10 11 12

X1 Z

X100

200% RAPID OVERRIDE

5 4 3 2 FAST 1

EMERGENCY STOP

OFF SLOW
100% 130%

TURRET INDEX

0%

130%

OD
SPINDLE LOAD AXIS LOAD

ID

CLAMP DIRECTION

In key concept #2 we look at the machine from an operators viewpoint

CHUCK

Key concept #1
TAILSTOCK

From programmers viewpoint Key concept #2 From operators viewpoint

Machining operations
Rough turning/finish turning Rough boring/finish boring Drilling Tapping Threading Grooving/necking Knurling

There are many forms of CNC turning centers

Universal slant bed Chucker slant bed Twin spindle horizontal Single spindle vertical Twin spindle vertical Mill/turn machines Gang type Sliding headstock
In all cases X will be the diameter controlling axis Z will be the length controlling axis

Front view of machine

Universal style slant bed turning center

Headstock & Spindle

Universal style slant bed turning center

Work-holding Device

Universal style slant bed turning center

Center Quill

Body

Tailstock
Universal style slant bed turning center

Turret

Universal style slant bed turning center

Thats why its called a universal style

A universal slant bed turning center can perform all types of turning applications:

Chucker work Shaft work Bar work

Universal style slant bed turning center

Z Axis

Universal style slant bed turning center

+
X Axis

Universal style slant bed turning center

X is the diameter controlling axis

+
X Axis

Universal style slant bed turning center

+
X is DIAMETER
If you want to turn a 3.0 inch diameter

3.000

X3.0
X3.0 will be the commanding word

Universal style slant bed turning center

X Axis

+
X is DIAMETER
Once again: X is always the diameter-controlling axis Z is always the length controlling axis

3.000

Though some machine tool builders reverse the polarity of the X axis

Also: X+: always gets bigger in diameter Z+: always away from the spindle

X3.0

Universal style slant bed turning center

X Axis

Advantages of CNC

- Easier to program; - Easy storage of existing programs; - Easy to change a program - Avoids human errors - NC machines are safer to operate

- Complex geometry is produced as cheaply as simple

ones - Usually generates closer tolerances than manual

machines

NC machines
Motion control is done by: servo-controlled motors

Table Leadscrew Encoder A/C Motor ~

Servo Controller Counter Comparator

Input (converted from analog to digital value)

CNC terminology

BLU: basic length unit smallest programmable move of each axis.

Controller: (Machine Control Unit, MCU) Electronic and computerized interface between operator and m/c

Controller components: 1. Data Processing Unit (DPU) 2. Control-Loops Unit (CLU)

Types of CNC machines

Based on Motion Type: Point-to-Point

or

Continuous path

Based on Control Loops:

Open loop or Closed loop

Based on Power Supply:

Electric or Hydraulic or Pneumatic

Based on Positioning System Incremental or Absolute

Open Loop vs. Closed Loop controls

Open loop control of a Point-to-Point NC drilling machine

NOTE: this machine uses stepper motor control

Components of Servo-motor controlled CNC

Motor lead screw rotation table moves

Motor speed control

feedback

position sensed by encoder

Two types of encoder configurations

Absolute Coordinate System

Incremental Coordinate System

CNC programming
Programming consists of a series of instructions in form of letter

codes
Preparatory Codes: G codes- Initial machining setup and establishing operating

conditions
N codes- specify program line number to executed by the MCU Axis Codes: X,Y,Z - Used to specify motion of the slide along X, Y, Z

direction
Feed and Speed Codes: F and S- Specify feed and spindle speed Tool codes: T specify tool number

NC | CNC
Numerical control is a system in which the actions

are controlled by the direct insertion of numerical data at one point and the system must be in a position to interpret at least a part of this data. In numerical control the programme is fed to the machine by means of a punch tape and this punch tape has to be recycled for each product of that batch. It does't have any memory. Where as in CNC (computer numerical control), the machine is usually having an on board control with memory to store the programme..

Overview
By integrating a computer processor, computer numerical control, or CNC as it is now known, allows part machining programs to be edited and stored in the computer memory as well as permitting diagnostics and quality control functions during the actual machining. All CNC machining begins with a part program, which is a sequential instructions or coded commands that direct the specific machine functions.

The part program may be manually generated or, more commonly, generated by computer aided part