Anissa Noverika P Heninda Ambariani Nurahmi Tri Wulandari Ratna Fatmala Aurelia Bunga Avalya Hermawa Budi Maryanto

ryanto Firda Fadhilla

LINKING
Linking is the one of features that contribute to characterize natural connected speech It explains the way of joining the pronunciation of two words so that they are easy to say and flow together smoothly. Linking is important factor because it can help you overall fluency and in listening comprehension.

 For example we often put an extra sound (/j/, /w/, /r/) between two vowel sounds, because it marks the transition sound between the two vowels. This is regarded as intrusion. Examples: /j/ - I / j / agree, They / j /are here! /w/ - I want to/ w/eat, Do/ w/it! /r/ - The media / r /are to blame, Law(r)and order. A lot of times we drag final consonants to initial vowels, therefore consonants and vowels can be linked also. Examples: - Get on. (geton ), Not at all. (notatall ), Come on. (comon)

TYPES
There are 3 types of linking, and they are: 1. Consonant to vowel linking 2. Vowel to vowel linking 3. Consonant to consonant linking Beside those two types, there is also the linking r

1. Consonant to Vowel Linking

It occurs when one word ends with a consonant sound and the next word begins with a vowel sound then there is a smooth link between the two. Example :

2. Vowel to Vowel Linking

It occurs when one word ends with a vowel sound and the next word begins with a vowel A /w/ or /j/ can be added depending on the particular sounds to make a smooth transition Example :

Linking Vowel to Vowel The Y Glide // /eI/ /aI/ /I/

plus a word beginning with a vowel use the /y/ glide

Examples: Be a sport sounds like Play a game sounds like Tie it up sounds like Employ a teenager sounds like Be ya sport Playa game Tie yit up Employa teenager

When you connect words with a y-glide, make sure that you dont pronounce the y too hard. Make it a little bit softer than usual.

Linking Vowel to Vowel The Y Glide

// /eI/ /aI/ /I/

plus a word beginning with a vowel use the /y/ glide

This rule also applies within words.

For example:

reaction sounds like re-yaction higher sounds like high-yer

Linking Vowel to Vowel The W Glide

/u/
boot

//
so

/a/
how

plus a word beginning with a vowel use the /w/ glide

This rule also applies within words.

For example:

graduate1 sounds like graduwate

1

If graduate is a verb, its pronounced [gru eI t] If its a noun or adjective, its pronounced [gru I t]

3. Consonant & Consonant

Words are connected when a words ends in a consonant sound and the next word starts with a consonant that is in similar position. Spelling Pronunciation

I just didn`t get the chance [I jussdidn`t ge(t) the chance] I`ve been late twice [ivebin la(t)twice]

T, D, S or Z + Y
When the letter or sound of T, D, S or Z is followed by a word that starts with Y, or its sound, both sounds are connected. T + Y = CH Spelling Pronunciation What`s your name ? [Whacher name?] Can`t you do it ? [Canchoo do it?] Don`t you like it ? [Dochoo like it?] Actually [achully]

S + Y = SH
Spelling Insurance Sugar Pronunciation [inshurance] [shg`r]

D+Y=J
Spelling What did you do? Would you help me? Did you like it? Graduation Pronunciation [Whajoo do?] [Wjoo help me?] [Didja like it?] [graju(w)ation]

You also can use linking in spelling and numbers

Spelling LA 909-5068 Pronunciation [eh lay] [ni nou nin, fi vo sick sate]

Linking R
The phoneme r does not occur in syllable-final position, but when a words spelling suggest a final r, and a word beginning with a vowel follows, the usual pronunciation is to pronounce with r. Example: 1. here here are 2. four

/h/ /h r / /f:/

four eggs

/f:r gz/

FROZEN
Frozen style (Oratorical style)is defined as the most formal style and elegant variety that reserved for very important or symbolic moments. It is usually used in the situation which is celebrated with respect and legitimate or formal ceremonies. For example
In the world you have tribulation, but take courage; I have overcome the world.

FORMAL
Formal style is defined as the style of language that be used for important or serious situation. For example
As the price of five dollars was reasonable, I decided to make the purchase without further thought.

CONSULTATIVE
a consultative style is typically a dialogue, though formal enough that words are chosen with some care. For example
I could prepare some condo rentals for you and your wife to look at.

CASUAL
Casual style is In-group friends and acquaintances. No background information provided. Ellipsis and slang are common. Interruptions common. This is common among friends in a social setting. For examples :
Dont you worry.

INTIMATE
intimate style is Non-public. Intonation more important than wording or grammar. Private vocabulary. Also includes non-verbal messages. This is most common among family members and close friends. For example :
You hurt yourself?