Ch 14 Brain & Cranial Nerves

1. Evaluate the effectiveness of the cells, structures, and mechanisms which protect the central nervous system. 2. Compare and contrast the four parts of the brain based on their structures and functions. 3. Distinguish the divisions of the brain based on their functions. 4. Map the locations and functions of sensory, association, and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. 5. Define electroencephalogram and use an electroencephalogram to identify/differentiate the four different types of brain waves which can be used to evaluate brain function. 6. Name the cranial nerves in order, and describe each of their functions and components.

Organization
Neural tube
.

Primary brain vesicles

. . .

Secondary vesicles
Telencephalon
.

Diencephalon
.

Metencephalon
.

Myelencephalon
.

Cranial Meninges
Dura mater dense irregular collagenous CT
Outer covering Falx cerebri
.

Falx cerebelli
.

Tentorium cerebelli
.

Arachnoid mater avascular, areolar CT Pia mater epithelial / CT anchors blood vessels

Blood flow
Arteries
.

Veins
.

High nutritional requirements

Oxygen Glucose
Not stored, supply must be constant

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Endothelial cells w/tight junctions Astrocytes
.

Molecules transported
. .

Molecules excuded
.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Composition
. .

Contained within ventricles

Lateral ventricle Septum pellucidum Third ventricle Fourth ventricle

 Mechanical protection
.

Functions of CSF

Homeostatic function
. .

Circulation
.

CSF production
. .

Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

. .

Circulation of CSF
Lateral Ventricles third fourth Reabsorption
Arachnoid villi / superior sagittal sinus Homeostatic balance
.

Medulla Oblongata
Pyramids
. Decussation of pyramids
.

Cardiovascular center
.

Respiratory center
.

Vomiting center Deglutition center

.

Olive
.

Medulla cont
Gustatory nucleus
.

Cochlear nuclei
.

Vestibular nuclei
.

Cranial Nerve input VIII to XII

Pons
Bridge / tracts between regions Pontine nuclei
.

Pneumnotaxic area and apneustic area

.

Cranial nerve input V to VIII

Midbrain
Cerebral peduncles
.

Tectum
Superior colliculi
. .

Inferior colliculi
. .

Substantia nigra
.

Red nuclei
.

Cranial nerve input III and IV

Midbrain cont
Reticular formation
Reticular activating System
. . . . . .

Cerebellum
Dura mater extension for support
.

Vermis
.

Divided by Cerebellar hemispheres

Anterior lobe / posterior lobe
.

Flocculonodular lobe
.

Cerebellar cortex Arbor vitae

Hook up to the brainstem - peduncles

. . .

Function of the cerebellum

. . . . .

Diencephalon - Thalamus
Intermediate mass
.

Internal capsule Function

. .

Diencephalon - Hypothalamus
Mammillary region
.

Tuberal region w/ infundibulum

.

Supraoptic region
.

Preoptic region
.

Diencephalon - Hypothalamus
Control of ANS
.

Hormones
. .

Emotional / behavior patterns

.

Feeding / Satiety / Thirst Center

.

Thermostat
.

Circadian rhythms
. .

Diencephalon cont
Epithalamus
Pineal gland
Melatonin secretion
.

Habenular nuclei .

Circumventricular Organs (CVO

hypothalamus / pineal gland / pituitary . .

- Cerebral cortex
Description
.

Gyri
.

Fissures
Longitudinal fissure

Sulci Cerebral hemispheres

.

Corpus callosum
.

Lobes of Cerebrum
Frontal lobe
.

Parietal lobe
.

Temporal lobe
.

Occipital lobe
.

Insula
.

Cerebral White Matter

Association tracts
.

Commissural tracts
. Corpus callosum Anterior commissure Posterior commisure

Projection tracts
. Ex. Internal capsule

Basal Nuclei
Corpus striatum
Lentiform nucleus
Globus pallidus Putamen

Caudate nucleus

Claustrum Function of basal nuclei

. . .

Limbic System
Selected Regions

Limbic lobe w/hippocampus Amygdala Mammillary bodies Olfactory bulbs

. . . .

Function

Organization of cerebral cortex

Sensory
.

Motor
.

Association
.

Sensory areas
Primary somatosensory area
. . .

Primary visual
.

Primary auditory
.

Primary gustatory
.

Primary olfactory
.

Motor Areas
Primary motor area
. .

Brocas speech area

. . .

Association Areas
Somatosensory Association area
. .

Visual association area

.

Facial recognition area

.

Auditory association area

.

Orbitofrontal cortex
.

Association Areas cont

Wernickes (posterior language) area
.

Common integrative area

.

Prefrontal corex (frontal association area)

.

Premotor area
.

Frontal eye field area

.

Hemispheric lateralization
Left hemisphere
. . .

Right hemisphere
. . .

Brain Waves
Electroencephalogram EEG
. .

Alpha waves
. .

Beta waves
.

Theta waves
.

Delta waves
.

Cranial Nerves
Sensory
.

Motor
.

Mixed
.

Cranial Nerves
Olfactory I
.

Optic II
.

Oculomotor III
.

Trochlear IV
.

Cranial Nerves
Trigeminal V
.

Abducens VI
.

Facial VII
.

Vestibulocochlear VIII

Cranial Nerves
Glossopharyngeal IX
.

Vagus X
.

Accessory XI
.

Hypoglossal XII
.

Neural tube defects

Spina bifida
. . .

Disorders
Stroke
. .

TIA transient ischemic attack

. .

Alzheimers
. . .