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John Levine, P.E. Levine Lectronics and Lectric E-mail: John@L-3.com GE Multilin/ Instrument Transformers, Inc.
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Agenda
Current Transformers Voltage Transformers Required Information for Specifying CTs & VTs Take Home Rules for CTs & VTs Configure Tool for CTs and VTs Products and tour of Plant Applications where used FT Switches Configure Tool for FT Switches
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Circuit Isolation Reduce voltage and currents to reasonable working levels. Phasor combinations for summing and measuring power
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TYPES OF C.T. AND V.T. CONSTRUCTION The most common type of C.T. construction is the `DOUGHNUT' type. It is constructed of an iron toroid, which forms the core of the transformer, and is wound with secondary Iron Core turns.
Secondary Winding Primary Conductor
Polarity
Direction of Primary Current Primary IEEE Polarity IEC Marks
H1 P1 X1 S1
Polarity
X1 S1
H1 P1
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Accuracy Class - %
0.30
0.30
Rating Factor
CT Metering Accuracy
Actual secondary current
0.15S Special High Accuracy Metering 0.3 0.6 1.2 Revenue Metering Indicating Instruments Indicating Instruments
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* All accuracy classes defined by IEEE C57.13 or C57.13.6 * Accuracy classes include both ratio & phase angle error
GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.
CT CLASSIFICATION for Metering A current transformer for metering purposes may typically have an accuracy of 0.3%. The C.T. must maintain this accuracy for normal load currents, provided the rated burden on the C.T. is not exceeded. It is quite acceptable, and in fact desirable, for the C.T. to saturate when fault current flows. The accuracy for a typical metering C.T. is specified as: 0.3 M 0.9 O.3% METERING O.9 OHMS BURDEN
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This metering C.T. has an accuracy of 0.3% when the GE Multilin connected burden does not exceed 0.9 OHMS. Transformers, Inc. Instrument
= 0.3B0.2
* Accuracy class is stated at 100% rated current * At 10% rated current, twice the error is allowed (5% for 0.15 class) ^ Accuracy class is stated at 100% to 5% rated current
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Accuracy Class - %
0.30
10% 0.30
100%
0.60
No accuracy guaranteed at current levels less than 10% 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
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Rating Factor
Accuracy Class - %
200%
300%
400%
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
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Rating Factor
Accuracy Class - %
200%
300%
400%
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
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Rating Factor
Format
10 C 400
Accuracy
Letter
Voltage at 20 times CT
T = Determined by test C = Calculated K = Calculated L = Low internal secondary impedance H = High internal secondary impedance
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C or T100 example
Secondary current 100 amps (20 x 5) Burden of Devices ( )
Primary current Total Ext 24,000 amps Burden Burden of (20 x 1200) 1.0 CT Leads 1200:5 () C or T100 Terminal Volts = (20 times rated) (Total external burden)
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C or T200 example
Secondary current 100 amps (20 x 5) Burden of Devices ()
Primary current Total Ext 24,000 amps Burden Burden of (20 x 1200) 2.0 CT Leads 1200:5 () C or T200 Terminal volts = (20 times rated) (Total external burden)
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How many terminal volts would you estimate this CT can produce?
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CT Burden Calculation
How do we calculate this?
X1 X2
Secondary current
Primary Current CT
Total Burden ZT
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CT Burden Calculation
ZT = RCT + RL + ZB
ZT = Total burden in ohms (vector summation of resistance and inductance components) RCT = CT secondary resistance in ohms @75 deg C (DCR) RL = Resistance of leads in ohms (Total loop distance) ZB = Device impedance Y connected Assumption: 3 phase CTs are in ohms
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100:5 C.T. Secondary Winding Resistance = .062 ohm Resistance of Cable from C.T. to Relay and back = .1 ohms Resistance of Relay Coil = .02 ohms Total Resistance = .182 ohms
. 06 2
.02 . 1
If we have a fault of 2,000 amps and the C.T. ratio is 100:5 then the C.T. secondary current is 100 amps. Therefore we must be able to produce a total voltage of 100 amps x .182 ohms = 18.2 Volts. To prevent CT saturation, select a CT with a knee point above 18.2 Volts.
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780-102 is a 1000 to 5 CT, Class C100 1000:5 C.T. Secondary Winding Resistance = .32 ohm Resistance of Cable from C.T. to Relay and back = .1 ohms Resistance of Relay Coil = .008 ohms Total Resistance = .428 ohms .32 . 1 If we have a fault of 20,000 amps and the C.T. ratio is 1000:5 then the C.T. secondary current is 100 amps. Therefore we must be able to produce a total voltage of 100 amps x .428 ohms = 42.8 Volts. To prevent CT saturation, select a CT with a knee point above 42.8 Volts. What happens if the fault current is 35,000 amps?
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.008
Current Ratio
Low ratio and high accuracy are not friends!!
Burden
High burden and High Accuracy are not friends!!
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Potential Transformers
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Definitions
Voltage Transformer (VT) An instrument transformer used to reflect a primary voltage into a secondary voltage through a magnetic medium. Always connected in parallel with primary conductor across a circuit load. Secondary (measuring) voltage is usually 115 or 120 volts nominally. The secondary voltage level is selected for ease of measurement and safety. Control Power Transformer (CPT) Designed to provide power for contractors, relays and devices with high inrush currents, Regulation is not as critical.
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POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
VP
Vs
Relay
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These standard burden designations have no significance at frequencies other than 60 Hz.
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T Installation Guidelines
Rated voltage: Do not operate above 110% Line to ground rated: Do not connect line to line Do not use on ungrounded systems w/o consulting factory
aution:
Rated Frequency: Do not operate below rate frequency w/o consulting factory
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EEE VT Groups
VT No. of Group Bushing 1 2 2 2 Connection Method open Y-Y possible open Y-Y possible 3 1 Y-Y-Y Any Any Neutral Grounding Any Notes Withstand 25% over rated voltage on an emergency basis Withstand 10% over rated voltage continuously. Primary rated for line to line voltage. Outdoor, two secondary windings. Withstand 10% over rated voltage continuously. Withstand 10% over rated voltage continuously & 25% on an emergency basis. For operation at 100% rated voltage. Withstand 10% overvoltage continuously. For operation at 58% rated voltage. Outdoor. Withstand 40% over rated voltage for 1 minute and 10% over rated voltage 48 continuously GE Multilin
Instrument Transformers, Inc.
4A
Y-Y
Effectively
4B
Noneffectively Effectively
Y-Y
VT Typical Connections
Ferroresonance
Possible with Y connected grounded VTs on ungrounded power systems
A VT is an inductive component Capacitance to ground exists in the system When they match ferroresonance may occur May cause higher VT voltages & saturation
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Ferroresonance
Recommended reading:
Ferroresonance of Grounded Potential Transformers on Ungrounded Power Systems AIEE Power Apparatus & Systems, Aug 1959, pg 607-618, by Karlicek and Taylor
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Preferred method
erroresonance Damping
Non effectively grounded system
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Preferred method
erroresonance Damping
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Ferroresonance Damping
Ferroresonance damping resistor RFR value
Based on 2 variables: Air core inductance of primary winding (La) VT ratio (N) RFR = 100 La / N2 Power rating (watts) of the resistor is a system related problem.
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GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc. General recommendation is 50% of VA rating of a single VT.
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___Protection ___ mm
___ Inches
Max. Outside: L ______ x W ______ x D ______ CT Window: Round: ______ Diameter; Rectangular: L ______ x W ______ ; Bar: _____ Current Ratio: _______ : 5 _______ : 1 Primary
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___1.0
___105 0C (Standard)
Other Special Requirements (dimensional constraints, mounting requirements, etc): ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
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___W ___X ___M ___Y (Enter 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, or leave blank)
___Z
___ZZ ___200VA
________Other ___500VA
IEC: ___10VA ___25VA ___50VA ___100VA ______Other (Enter 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, or leave blank)
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rimary Voltage:
___2 bushing _________VAC - Phase to phase ___120V ___115V ___110V ___100V ___120/3 ___115/3 ___110/3 ___100/3 ___Other _________________ ___1.9 for 8 hours
econdary Voltage:
___Other________
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Never open circuit a current transformer secondary while intended to be proportional CTs are the primary is current devices. Very high voltages energized open circuiting the can result from
secondary circuit of an energized CT. Even very small primary currents can cause damage Consult the factory if you have GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc. questions.
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QUESTIONS?
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