TWI CSWIP 3.

1 WIS 5 WELDING INSPECTION DESTRUCTIVE TESTS

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Destructive tests
Involve the destruction of a welded unit or selected specimens cut out from the weld

Destructive tests include: tensile test bend test impact test

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hardness test metallographic examination creep test, etc.

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Tensile test

Objective:

measuring the overall strength of the weld joint

Informations to be supplied on the test report: material type UTS specimen type specimen size (see QW-462.1)
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location of final rupture

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Bending test

Objectives: check if lack of fusion type of defects are present assessing ductility of the weld joint Informations to be supplied on the test report: bend radius/angle material type

specimen type and orientation (see QW-462.2;3)

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test result (pass/fail)

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Bending test

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Charpy V-notch impact test

Objectives: measuring impact strength in different weld joint area assessing resistance toward brittle fracture Informations to be supplied on the test report: material type notch type specimen size
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test temperature
notch location impact strength value

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Charpy V-notch impact test specimen

Specimen dimensions acc. ASTM E23

10 mm

2 mm 10 mm
R 0,25 mm = 55 mm = 45
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Charpy V-notch impact test

Charpy impact test Pendulum (striker)

Specimen

Anvil (support)
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Charpy V-notch impact test

h1

h2

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Charpy V-notch impact test

To define the type of failure, we can also measure: lateral expansion amount of crystalinity

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Charpy V-notch impact test

Mn < 1.6 % increases toughness in steels* Transition Zone Joules absorbed

Brittle Fracture

Ductile Fracture Three specimens are normally tested at each temperature. 47 Joules 28 Joules Transition Temperature Range

-40

-30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 +30 Testing temperature

+ 40

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Hardness
Definition - is the resistance of a material against penetration It is measured by indentation by a penetrator under a constant load Between UTS and hardness is a direct correlation Hardness tests:

Brinell Vickers Rockwell

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Hardness test
Objectives: measuring hardness in different areas of a weld joint assessing resistance toward brittle fracture, cold cracking and corrosion sensitivity in H2S Informations to be supplied on the test report: material type location of indentation type of hardness test and load applied on the indenter hardness value
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Weld joint hardness test

Vickers hardness tests: indentation body is a square based diamond pyramid (136 included angle) the average diagonal (d) of the impression is converted to a hardness number from a table it is measured in HV5, HV10 or HV025
d2 d = (d1+ d2)/2 d1
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Vickers hardness test

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Metallographic examination

Macro examination
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Micro examination

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Metallographic examination
Objectives: detecting weld defects (macro) measuring grain size (micro) detecting brittle structures, precipitates, etc

assessing resistance toward brittle fracture, cold cracking and corrosion sensitivity
Informations to be supplied on the test report: material type location of examined area

etching solution
magnification grain size
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weld imperfections (macro)

phase, constituents, precipitates (micro)

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Hydrostatic test
Is a test for leakage under pressure

Vessel configuration: the test should be done after any stress relief components that will not stand the pressure test (e.g. flexible pipes, diaphragms) must be removed the ambient temperature MUST be above 0C (preferably 1520C)

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Hydrostatic test procedure

blank off all openings with solid flanges use correct nuts and bolts, NOT G clamps two pressure gauges on independent tapping points should be used for safety purposes bleed all the air out pumping should be done slowly (no dynamic pressure stresses) test pressure - see relevant standards (PD 5500, ASME VIII). Usually 150% design pressure hold the pressure for minimum 30 minutes
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Hydrostatic test - what to look for

leaks (check particularly around seams and nozzle welds!) dry off any condensation with a compressed air-line watch the gauges for pressure drop check for distortion of flange faces, etc

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