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Seminar On Microprocessor

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INTRODUCTION
It is the heart of a microcomputer system. It is a programmable integrated device that has computing & decision making capability similar to CPU. It comprises of three parts- ALU, control unit, register file. These are connected with data bus, control bus & internal bus It communicates &operates in binary nos. 0 & 1 called bits. Each P has a fixed set of instructions in form of binary patterns called machine language.

Registers
Anything that can be used to store bits of information, in a way that all the bits of the register can be written to or read out simultaneously. The registers are the fastest accessible memory locations, and because they are so fast, there are typically very few of them. In most processors, there are fewer than 32 registers. The size of the registers defines the size of the computer.

Types of Processors
The vast majority of microprocessors are embedded microcontrollers. The second most common type of processors are common desktop processors, such as Intel's Pentium or AMD's Athlon. Microprocessors come in "standard sizes" of 8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits, and 64 bits. Some microprocessors come in other "non-standard" sizes such as 4 bits, 12 bits, 18 bits &24bits The number of bits represent how much physical memory can be directly addressed by the CPU & amount of bits that can be read by one read/write operation. for ex- 8 bit processors can read/write 1 byte at a time and can directly address 256 bytes In reprogrammable systems microprocessor is used for computing & data processing. such as disks , CD-ROMs, printers In embedded systems, microprocessor is a part of a final product & not available for reprogramming to end user such as photo copy machine .

General Purpose Versus Specific Use

Microprocessors that are capable of performing a wide range of tasks are called general purpose microprocessors. These are typically the kind of CPUs found in desktop computer systems. DSP (digital signal microprocessor) is a chip that is specifically designed for fast arithmetic operations, especially addition and multiplication. These chips are designed with processing speed in mind. "microcontrollers" are microprocessors with additional hardware integrated into a single chip. Many microcontrollers have RAM, ROM, A/D and D/A converters, interrupt controllers, timers and even oscillators built into the chip itself.

Types of Use
Signal Processing Signal processing is an area that demands high performance from microcontroller chips to perform complex mathematical tasks. Exdecoding of digital television and radio signals. Real Time Applications Some tasks need to be performed so quickly that even the slightest delay or inefficiency can be detrimental. These applications are known as "real time systems. Ex- anti-lock braking system (ABS) controller in modern automobiles. Throughput and Routing It uses where data is moved from one particular input to an output, without necessarily requiring any processing. An example is an internet router, that reads in data packets and sends them out on a different port. Sensor monitoring

Abstraction Layers
Computer systems are developed in layers known as layers of abstraction. It allow people to develop computer components (hardware and software) without having to worry about the internal design of the other layers in the system. At the highest level are the user-interface programs that people use on their computers. At the lowest level are the transistor layouts of the individual computer components.