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Table of Contents
CD
History Structure Data Recording How The CD Drive Works CD File Systems Multiple Sessions CD-ReWritable (CD-RW) DVD
Floppy Disk
History Structure Data Recording/Retrieval Formatting 3 Inch (2HD) Disks Hard Disk Some Basic Concepts Boot Sector Cluster FAT NTFS
PART 1
CD-ROM
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History
Compact Disc - Digital Audio (CD-DA), the original CD specification developed by Philips and Sony in 1980 Specifications were published in Red Book, continued to be updated (lastest version in 1999) In 1985 a standard for the storage of computer data by Sony and Philips, CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory) Developments in the technology have been ongoing and rapid
Compact disc Interactive (CD-I) Compact Disc Television (CD-TV) Compact Disc Recording (CD-R) Digital Video Disc (DVD)
Structure
The thickness of a CD can vary between 1.1 and 1.5mm CDROM can store 720 MB of data. A CD consists of four layers
The biggest part is clear polycarbonate (nominally 1.2mm) There is a very thin layer of reflective metal (usually aluminum) on top of the polycarbonate Then a thin layer of some protective material covering the reflective metal A label or some screened lettering on top of protective material
CD Layers (contd)
Structure
A CDROM Drive uses a small plastic-encapsulated disk that can store data This information is retrieved using a Laser Beam A CD can store vast amounts of information because it uses light to record data in a tightly packed form
On surface of CDROM, laser beam to use to was be "punched" to according the spiral called the pits. These positions do not have "punch" as land.
Structure (contd)
The 0.12 micron deep pit, approximately 0.6 microns wide. The pit and land length from 0.9 to 3.3 microns. The distance between the spiral is 1.6 micron. Track density on a CDROM is about 16,000 tracks per inch.
CD Safety
The label side of a CD is the most vulnerable part of the disk The other side is protected by the thick (1.2mm) and hard polycarbonate It is possible to carefully clean and even to polish this surface to remove fingerprints and even scratches Many flaws on the polycarbonate surface will simply go unread.
CD Data Recording
Information is recorded on a CD using a series of bumps
In the recording, Lazer gun was used to write data to disk
Signal corresponding to 0 => laser off. Signal corresponding to 1 => laser on => burned disk surface into a point of losing the ability to reflect
Laser gun Controller curcuit
Data Reading
Laser reflection on rotating disk surface, the pit will be lost reflected rays => that is 0 signal, the land they received reflected rays => that is 1 signal
Lens
Laser gun
Prism
Sensitive diode
Speed 1X
2X
300 Kbytes/s
CD Physical Specifications
Diameter Transparent Layer Thickness Total Thickness Transparent Layer Index of Refraction Reflectance of Metal Layer through Transparent Layer Laser Wavelength 120mm 0.3mm 1.2mm 0.1mm 1.1mm - 1.5mm 1.55 0.10 70% minimum 780nm 10nm
Track Pitch
Scanning Linear Velocity
CD File Systems
1. ISO-9660 The base standard defines three levels of compliance Level 1 limits file names to 8+3 format. Many special characters (space, hyphen, equals, and plus) are forbidden Level 2 and 3 allow longer filenames (up to 31) and deeper directory structures (32 levels instead of 8) Level 2 and 3 are not usable on some systems, special MS-DOS
Rock Ridge Extensions to ISO-9660 file system Favored in the Unix world Lifts file name restrictions, but also allows Unix-style permissions and special files to be stored on the CD Machines that don't support Rock Ridge can still read the files because it's still an ISO-9660 file system (they won't see the long forms of the names) UNIX systems and the Mac support Rock Ridge DOS and Windows currently don't support it
Joliet Favored in the MS Windows world Allows Unicode characters to be used for all text fields (including file names and the volume name) Disk is readable as ISO-9660, but shows the long filenames under MS Windows HFS (Hierarchical File System) Used by the Macintosh in place of the ISO-9660, making the disk unusable on systems that don't support HFS
Multiple Sessions
Allows CDs to be written more than once (not re-written) Some CD writers support this feature About 640MB of data can be written to the CD, as some space is reserved for timing and other information Each session written has an overhead of approximately 20MB per session
CD-ReWritable (CD-RW)
It is essentially CD-R Allows discs to be written and re-written up to 1000 times The storage capacity is the same as that for CD-R Based on phase-change technology. The recording layer is a mixture of silver, indium, antimony and tellurium
DVD
Digital Versatile Disk (Formerly Digital Video Disk)
Same size (120mm) and thickness (1.2mm) as CD Improvements in the logarithms used for error correction Much greater data accuracy using smaller Error Correction Codes (ECC) More effective use of the track space
DVD vs. CD
DVD uses a tighter spiral (track or helix) with only 0.74 microns between the tracks (1.6 microns on CDs) DVD recorders use a laser with a smaller wavelength, 635nm or 650 nm (visible red light) vs. 780nm (infrared) for CDs DVD has smaller "burns" (pits) in the translucent dye layer (0.4 microns minimum vs. 0.83 microns minimum on CDs)
DVD (contd)
Standard single-sided DVDs store up to 4.7GB of data Dual-sided discs hold about 8.5GB of data (9.4GB for back-to-back layers dual-sided discs) In back-to-back layers discs, it must be turned over to access the data on the reverse side DVD uses MPEG2 compression for high quality pictures DVD drives have a much faster transfer rate than CD drives DVD-ROM drives will read and play existing CD-ROM and CD-A disks
DVD (contd)
Types DVD-5 Characteristics 4.7GB Single-Side, Single-Layer capacity 4,7 GB.
DVD-9
8.5GB Single-Side, Dual-Layer Capacity 8,5 GB. 9.4GB Double-Side, Single-Layer Capacity 9,4 GB. 17.1GB Double-Side, Dual-Layer Capacity 17,1 GB.
DVD-10
DVD-18
PART 2
Blu-ray VS HD-DVD
Blu-ray disc
Blu-ray Disc (official abbreviation BD) is an optical disc storage medium designed to replace the DVD format. The standard physical medium is a 12 cm plastic optical disc, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Blu-Ray Discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs (50 GB) the norm for featurelength video discs and additional layers possible later.
HD - DVD
HD DVD-ROM, HD DVD-R and HD DVD-RW have a single-layer capacity of 15 GB, and a duallayer capacity of 30 GB. HD DVD-RAM has a singlelayer capacity of 20 GB. Like the original DVD format, the data layer of an HD DVD is 0.6 mm below the surface to physically protect the data layer from damage. All HD DVD players are backward compatible with DVD and CD.
USB speed
USB 1.0 speed 1.5 Mb/s USB 1.1 speed 12 Mb/s USB 2.0 speed 480 Mb/s USB 3.0 speed 5 Gb/s
Hard Disk
Fixed and removable Fast (disk rotates at 60 to 200 times per second) Currently 20 2 TB (may be limited by the version of the operating system) Like floppies, uses the magnetic properties of the coating material, but the technology is different
A program, to load OS if bootable/show error msg if not in floppies, to locate the active partition in hard disks Error messages
Cluster
Data units of disk must be addressed, which units belong to which file / are free / are damaged (bad sectors) / On disks having large capacity, purposing one sector as a unit makes addressing table so large Cluster is defined Represents the smallest amount of disk space that OS can be allocated The smaller the cluster size, the more efficiently disk space usage, the more number of bits to address one unit The number of sectors per cluster is stored in the Boot Record
FAT
FAT-12/FAT-16/FAT-32 are Microsoft favorite File Allocation Tables (before NTFS) FAT-12 uses 12 bits for addressing, a max. of 4096 units, considering one sector as a cluster, 2MB can be addressed FAT-16 with max.(128) sectors/cluster (64KB cluster size wasting large amount of disk space) up to 4GB, this is why Win95 cannot support more than 4GB partiotions FAT-32, the same system, 32 bit fields for addressing
NTFS
NT File System Better performance Less wasted space More security Supports all sizes of clusters (512b - 64 KB)
The 4 KB cluster is somehow standard Practically no partition size limitation Very flexible, all the system files can be relocated, except the first 16 MFT (Master File Table) elements
NTFS (contd)
NTFS disk is symbolically divided into two parts The first 12% is assigned to MFT area The rest 88% represents usual space for files storage MFT area can simply reduce if needed, clearing the space for recording files At clearing the usual area, MFT can be extended again
ATA Overview
ATA-1 ATA-2 ATA-3 ATA-4 INT13 ATA-5 ATA-6 ATA-7 Cable 40-pin 40-pin 40-pin 40-pin Keywords PIO and DMA EIDE ATAPI SMART Ultra BIOS Upgrade ATA/33 ATA/66 Big Drive ATA/133 Speed 3.3 MBps to 8.3 MBps 11.1 MBps to 16.6 MBps 11.1 MBps to 16.6 MBps 16.7 MBps to 33.3 MBps Max size 504 MB 8.4 GB 8.4 GB 8.4 GB 137 GB 137 GB 144 PB 144 PB
44.4 MBps to 6.6 MBps 100 MBps 133 MBps to 300 MBps
ATA-1
Programmable I/O (PIO)traditional data transfer 3.3 MBps to 8.3 MBps DMAdirect memory access 2.1 MBps to 8.3 MBps Allowed two drives (one master, one slave)
ATA-2
Commonly called EIDE (though a misnomer) Added second controller to allow for four drives instead of only two Increased size to 8.2 GB Added ATAPI
Could now use CD drives
ATA-3
Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology
S.M.A.R.T.
ATA-4
Introduced Ultra DMA Modes
Ultra DMA Mode 0: 16.7 MBps Ultra DMA Mode 1: 25 MBps Ultra DMA Mode 2: 33 MBps
INT13-Interrupt Extensions
ATA-1 standard actually written for hard drives up to 137 GB
BIOS limited it to 504 MB due to cylinder, head, and sector maximums ATA-2 implemented LBA (Logical block addressing) to fool the BIOS, allowing drives to be as big as 8.4 GB
ATA-5
Introduced newer Ultra DMA Modes Ultra DMA Mode 3: 44.4 MBps Ultra DMA Mode 4: 66.6 MBps Ultra DMA Mode 4 also called ATA/66
Used 40-pin cable, but had 80 wires Blue connectorto controller Gray connectorslave drive Black connectormaster drive
ATA/66 cable
ATA-6
Big Drives introduced
Replaced INT13 & 24-bit LBA to 48-bit LBA Increased maximum size to 144 PB 144,000,000 GB Introduced Ultra DMA 5 Ultra DMA Mode 5: 100 MBps ATA/100 Used same 40-pin, 80-wire cables as ATA-5
ATA-7
Introduced Ultra DMA 6 Ultra DMA Mode 6: 133 MBps ATA/133 Used same 40-pin, 80-wire cables as ATA-5 Didnt really take off due to SATAs popularity
Introduced Serial ATA (SATA) Increased throughput to 150 MBps to 300 MBps
Serial ATA
Serial ATA (SATA) creates a point-to-point connection between the device and the controller
Hot-swappable
Can have as many as eight SATA devices Thinner cables resulting in better airflow and cable control in the PC Maximum cable length of 39.4 inches compared to 18 inches for PATA cables
Serial ATA
More on SATA
PATA device my be connected to SATA using a SATA bridge Can have as many as eight SATA devices
Add more SATA functionality via a PCI card
eSATA
External SATA
eSATA Port
SCSI
Pronounced Scuzzy
Been around since 70s Devices can be internal or external Historically the choice for RAID Faster than PATA Could have more than four drives
SCSI Chains
A SCSI chain is a series of SCSI devices working together through a host adapter The host adapter is a device that attaches the SCSI chain to the PC All SCSI devices are divided into internal and external groups The maximum number of devices, including the host adapter, is 16
Internal Devices
Internal SCSI devices are installed inside the PC and connect to the host adapter through the internal connector Internal devices use a 68-pin ribbon cable
External Devices
External SCSI devices are connected to host adapter to external connection of host adapter
External devices have two connections in the back, to allow for daisy-chaining A standard SCSI chain can connect 15 devices, including the host adapter
SCSI IDs
Each SCSI device must have a unique SCSI ID
The values of ID numbers range from 0 to 15 No two devices connected to a single host adapter can share the same ID number No order for the use of SCSI IDs, and any SCSI device can have any SCSI ID
SCSI IDs
The SCSI ID for a particular device can be set by configuring jumpers, switches, or even dials
Use your hexadecimal knowledge to set the device ID
Device 1 = 0 0 0 1 On Device 7 = 0 1 1 1 On Device 15 = 1 1 1 1 On Off, Off, Off,
Off, On, On, On, On, On,
Termination
Terminators are used to prevent a signal reflection that can corrupt the signal Pull-down resistors are usually used as terminators Only the ends of the SCSI chains need to be terminated Most manufacturers build SCSI devices that self-terminate
Protecting Data
The most important part of a PC is the data it holds
Companies have gone out of business because of losing data on hard drives
Hard drives will eventually develop faults Fault tolerance allows systems to operate even when a component fails
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) is one such technology
RAID Level 0
Disk striping
Writes data across multiple drives at once Requires at least two hard drives Provides increased read and writes
RAID Level 1
Disk mirroring/duplexing is the process of writing the same data to two drives at the same time
Requires two drives Produces an exact mirror of the primary drive Mirroring uses the same controller Duplexing uses separate controllers
RAID Levels 2 to 4
RAID 2
Disk striping with multiple parity drives Not used
RAID 3 and 4
Disk striping with dedicated parity Dedicated data drives and dedicated parity drives Quickly replaced by RAID 5
RAID Level 5
Disk striping with distributed parity
Distributes data and parity evenly across the drives Requires at least three drives Most common RAID implementation
Softwarebased RAID 5
0 1 2 3
2 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 Data
0 1 0 1 Data
1 0 0 1 Parity
RAID Level 6
Super disk striping with distributed parity
RAID 5 with asynchronous and cached data capability
Implementing RAID
SCSI has been the primary choice in the past
Faster than PATA PATA allowed only four drives
Software RAID
Operating system recognizes all individual disks Combines them together as single volume
Personal RAID
ATA RAID controller chips have gone down in price Some motherboards are now shipping with RAID built-in The future is RAID
RAID has been around for 20 years but is now less expensive and moving into desktop systems