Clinical Psychology

Group 4 Angeles, Almera Bueno, Kerr Delamide, Aiwenn Evangelista, Nigel Fabilla, Alvin Manguera, Triccie

Questions 1 & 2

What is a test?
Tests or examinations are systematic procedures to measure an individuals observable action or behavior in a certain time. Test measures diverse concepts and topics like knowledge, ability, skills and even personality

What is a test?
Can be administered orally, written, in computer. Standardized Test Non-Standardized Test

What is a psychological test?

Psychological testing also called psychological assessment is the foundation of how psychologists better understand a person and their behavior (Framingham, 2011). Psychological tests are standardized procedure for observing and measuring an action or behavior

What is a psychological test?

psychological tests differ in various concepts terms of the 1.behavior performed 2. what they measure 3. test content, 4. their administration and test format 5.scoring procedures and interpretation 6. psychometric quality - reliability - validity

Question 3 & 4

Different kinds of psychological tests

Achievement and aptitude tests, preferably called Intelligence tests, attempt to measure your intelligence, or your basic ability to understand the world around you, assimilate its functioning, and apply this knowledge to enhance the quality of your life.

 Neuropsychological tests attempt to measure deficits in cognitive functioning that may result from some sort of brain damage, such as a stroke or a brain injury.

 Occupational tests attempts to match your interests with the interests of persons in known careers

 Personality tests attempt to measure your basic personality style and are most used in research or forensic settings to help with clinical diagnoses.
Objective tests present specific questions or statements that are answered by selecting one of a set of alternatives. Projective tests are those that allow complex verbal or graphic responses to ambiguous stimuli.

Common Methods of constructing a psychological tests

Analytic approach, sometimes called the rational approach, creates test materials of items by analyzing the content of a domain and matching questions that the psychologists believes that taps the content.

 empirical approach, the tester lets the content choose itself. This approach is best used when making specific predictions about people.

 The sequential approach combines the aspects of analytical and empirical techniques.

Questions 5 & 6

5. Enumerate the current issues on the use of psychological tests.

a. Psychological tests are not as valid as Medical tests since psychological tests are only a sample of behavior, it does not imply that the test results would define the holistic personality of the person (Kramer, Bernstein, & Phares, 2009).

b. Clinical Utility and Evidence-Based Assessment only a few psychological tests were used for treatment decisions. There has been a little focus on the extent to which tests can be used to select treatments (Kramer, Bernstein, & Phares, 2009).

c. Legality concerns for Americans with Disabilities this has something to do with proper accommodations for Americans with disabilities. According to the ADA of 1990, there should be necessary accommodations for any person who cannot conform to normal test-taking protocols (Stone, 2011).

c. Informed Consent the client should be informed about the whole testing procedure. The purpose, duration, and the procedures included in the test should be discussed with the client (Stone, 2011).

d. Confidentiality clinicians must maintain records efficiently, securely, and effectively (Stone, 2011).

6. What are the ethical parameters for psychological testing?

PRINCIPLE
Professional / Scientific Responsibility

APPLICATION
Clinicians should be aware of the different testing measures such as validity and reliability. The test limitations and uses should be thought of as well. Clinicians should be aware of the right to privacy of their clients.

Social Responsibility

Access to test materials

Competence

The tests should only be available to qualified users.

Clinicians should know very well the tests they are administering. They should be knowledgeable in terms of the test administration and interpretation. Clinicians should administer the test only to people who are appropriate for the test. Clinicians should use the test for what it is intended to. The interpretations made should be based on empirical evidence. The test administered should be used appropriately without the intention of harming the client. The clinician should be aware of the presence of potential harm in the testing procedure and should always inform the client about it.

Respect for rights and dignity Integrity

Concern for others welfare

Question 7 & 8

7. Enumerate the criteria for judging the soundness of a psychological test?

Criterion
Norms

What is it
Measures central tendency and variability for the test obtained from a large, representative standardization sample. These allow meaningful interpretations of scores. Measure of reliability, usually accomplished by split half method Similarity of results from repeat testings of the same person Similarity of results when multiple raters independently scores on the same test Items on the test adequately sample all important domains associated with the trait or ability being measured Results of the test correlate of other well established measures of the same construct The degree to which the test results remain valid across different segments of the population The degree to which the test results clearly point to specific preffered treatments or can reliably measure changes that results from treatment

Internal Consistency Reliability

Test - Retest reliability

Interrater Reliability

Content Validity

Construct Validity

Generalization Validity

Clinical Utility

8. Define Intelligence and the theories that explain it.

General Intelligence Model (g)

One theory often favored by those employing a mental testing, or Psychometric approach to intelligence, describes intelligence as a general characteristic. Originally proposed by Spearman (1904) the notion of intelligence as a global, general ability has come to be referred to as simply g. g is presumed to be an underlying biological or psychological trait that influences all cognitive abilities.

8.Define Intelligence and the theories that explain it.

Multiple Specific Intelligence Models

According to this model, Intelligence is better understood as a collection of relatively separate abilities.

Triarchic Theory
Robert Sternberg argues that there are three basic kinds of intelligence, analytical, creative and practical. Conventional test measure only the first kind well.

8. Define Intelligence and the theories that explain it.

Multiple Specific Intelligence Models Multiple Intelligence theory
Howard Gardner introduced eight intelligence or frames of the mind. These are Verbal, Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal and Naturalistic

8. Define Intelligence and the theories that explain it

Hierarchical and Factor Analytic Model

In this compromise view, separate and general cognitive abilities are related in a hierarchal fashion. At the most elemental level are specific abilities such as vocabulary knowledge, visual pattern, recognition and the like. Specific abilities are not entirely independent of each other. Certain ones correlate because they share a common factor.

Question 9 & 10

Binet Intelligence Scales

Binet Intelligence Scales

Alfred Binet - his contribution became the most influential means of assessing childrens mental ability 1905- 30 questions and tasks 1908- tasks became age-graded - brought to US by Goddard and further revised by Terman 2003- most recent version (SB5)

Binet Intelligence Scales: Purpose

Originally developed to help place children in appropriate educational settings. Helps in determining the intellectual level and cognitive functioning of preschoolers, children, adolescents and adults. Assists in the diagnosis of a learning disability, developmental delay, mental retardation or giftedness.

Binet Intelligence Scales: Advantages

Underwent an extensive review which covers a wider age range (2-85). Provides a large research sample. Gamelike- with colorful artwork, toys and manipulatives Equal balance of verbal and nonverbal content in all factors

Binet Intelligence Scales: Advantages

Extends low-end items, allowing earlier identification of individuals with delays or cognitive difficulties Extends high-end items to measure gifted adolescents and adults

Binet Intelligence Scales: Limitations

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is probably one of the most well developed standardized tests in the field of education. It underwent several revisions and validity tests. And this is why the scores of this assessment instrument are sometimes treated as unquestionable.

Binet Intelligence Scales: Limitations

Individuals intelligence is assessed by using more than one instrument and is influenced by several factors. And there are instances when the scores obtained from this test can be rendered invalid.

Binet Intelligence Scales: Limitations

According to study, persons ability to score high in verbal reasoning is not affected by the presence of psychosis. In this case, this assessment test could not be used as a sole instrument for determining mental health. Aside from such cases, this test remains a fairly reliable way to measure intelligence.

Wechslers Intelligence Scales

Wechslers Intelligence Scales

Dr. David Wechsler 1939- Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale - was designed to measure intellectual performance by adults

Wechslers Intelligence Scales: Types

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - clinical instrument for measuring an adult's intellectual ability aged 16 years through 89 years. - Measure human intelligence reflected in both verbal and performance abilities.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

- Is also administered as part of a test battery to make inferences about personality and pathology, both through the content of specific answers and patterns of subtest scores. - It is also used in neuropsychological evaluation, specifically with regard to brain dysfunction.

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale Intelligence Scale

- Intelligence measure for 4-6 yr olds in response to an increasing need for the assessment of preschoolers. - It provides subtest and composite scores that represent intellectual functioning in verbal and performance cognitive domains.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

- Was originally made to be used for children ages 5 to 17. - It is used to diagnose ADHD and learning disabilities. - WISC can be used as part of an assessment battery to identify intellectual giftedness, learning difficulties, and cognitive strengths and weaknesses.

Wechsler Intelligence Scales: Limitations

- WAIS IV: It also has a reduced number of subtests for individuals with ages 70 to 90 years old. - According to research, it has a limited range of scores for individuals who are extremely low and extremely high functioning.

Wechsler Intelligence Scales: Limitations

- The latest version of WAIS which is the WAIS IV fail to provide conversion tables for computing index scores and FSIQs when supplemental subtests are substituted for core subtests. - It also failed to provide the psychometric basis for the requirement that an individual must obtain six raw scores of 1 in order for the FSIQ to be computed.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale: Limitations

- It has a limited criterion validity studies. The failure to provide information about the relationship of WAIS-IV and other tests of cognitive ability and achievement limits the understanding of WAIS-IV.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale: Limitations

According to research, Wechslers tests were not based on theory rather on clinical and practical perspectives. Wechslers tests cannot be used as a single determinant of mental ability.

Question 11 & 12

11. Differentiate aptitude test from achievement test. Discuss their uses in the fields such as education, industry, and clinical setting.

Aptitude test
According to Miller, Mclntire, and Lovler (2012), aptitude tests assess a test takers potential for learning or ability to perform in a new job or situation. Aptitude tests measure the product of cumulative life experiencesor what one has acquired over time. They help determine what maximum can be expected from a person.

Achievement test
Achievement test is defined as a psychological test that measures persons previous learning in a specific academic area acquired knowledge or skill. It is designed to assess how much knowledge an individual has in a certain area (Miller, Mclntire, & Lovler, 2012).

Educational Setting
Aptitude test designed to predict the students likelihood to pass or perform in school tests uncover hidden talents and assess the strength and weakness of the students excellent predictors of future scholastic achievements Achievement designed to measure what a student has already learned. Pass or fail used as a benchmark for either gifted or remedial programs. also designed to determine the appropriate level for student who are either new to the system or need to be reassessed for one reason to another (Kramer, Bernstein, & Phares, 2009). used in measuring the IQ of the student.

Industrial Setting
Aptitude test tests assess the applicants potential or success in a certain job (Kramer, Bernstein, & Phares, 2009). filter unsuitable applicants out the selection process. For placement in a certain company Achievement test used as a tool to pick applicants who already possess the skills and knowledge needed to perform the job. Used to filter unsuitable applicants out the selection process For placement in a certain company

predicts how well an individual will be able to perform at given a task

measure the competence of prospective employees

Clinical Setting
Both achievement test and aptitude test -serves as a tool to diagnose mental and emotional conditions as an aid to determining appropriate treatments

Clinical Setting
Both achievement and aptitude test
Serves as a tool to diagnose mental and emotional conditions. Serves as an aid to determining appropriate treatments. Serves as an indicator of the progress of the treatment

12. Define psychopathology. Discuss how psychological test could help in their proper assessment.

Psychopathology
Psychopathology refers to the study of mental disorder, mental distress, and abnormal/maladaptive behavior. As a descriptive term, according to Parritz and Troy (2011), psychopathology is defined as intense, frequent, and/or persistent maladaptive patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior.

Psychological test
Psychological test is an instrument used to measure personal attributes, traits, or characteristics or to predict an outcome (Miller, Mclinter, & Lovler, 2012).

Psychological test
Proper assessment leads to Proper diagnosis of mental disorders To determine whether medicines should be prescribed To formulate proper treatment/intervention mental and emotional illnesses. Help determine the progress of the patient during the treatment Supplement for the interview

Consequences of Improper Assessment

Wrong diagnosis that may lead to danger to the patient. Wrong treatment may be given to the patient. Wrong diagnosis may lead to the wrong prescription of medication Wrong diagnosis may lead to the worsening of the current condition of the patient.

Questions 13,14, &15

What is MMPI?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was created by Starke Hathaway and J.C. McKinley at the University of Minnesota in the 1930s. The 567-item test is mainly used for assessment and diagnostic purposes. Can be considered as a test to identify ones general personality structure but primarily designed to detect psychopathology

What is MMPI?
Basically contains 10 clinical scales and four validity scales, but as research progressed, different measures were also formed, such as the supplementary scales, content scales, and Harris-Lingoes scales, while revisions for the test were also being done.

What is MMPI?
Main advantages of the MMPI are its broad coverage and strong psychometric properties Presents many scales that can give information about the problem the client might be having Can also detect response styles that may question the validity of the profile or can give an idea about the clients attitude High in validity and reliability

What is MMPI?
Some disadvantages are the test is too time consuming May be hard for some clients who are unable to comprehend the questions Test fatigue may also be encountered because the test is long Open to many interpretations Interpretation for individuals in other cultures should be done with caution.

Comparing and contrasting Objective and Projective tests

Structured objective tests are stronger in terms of psychometric properties due to a more straightforward and empirically-based point system. Objective tests are also quicker, cheaper, and more beneficial for preliminary assessment. Projective tests are more flexible: are openended and gives the client his freedom to choose whatever he wants to do. Respondents in objective testing can easily lie or fake themselves to desirable answers

Nature and use of Objective and Projective tests

Objective tests are presented in clear, specific, and structured stimuli like questions or statements The client responds with direct answers, choices, and ratings. The pattern of responses is then measured and interpreted to measure the strength or absence of a certain personality trait or state.

Nature and use of Objective and Projective tests

Tests are usually paper-and-pencil or computer-administered that can be scored arithmetically. Some examples of objective tests are MMPI, CPI, 16PF, MBTI, and NEO-PI-R.

Nature and use of Objective and Projective tests

Projective tests make clients respond to unstructured or ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots, drawings, or incomplete sentences. The clients judgments or outputs are the information then used to discover certain personality aspects. Some examples of projective tests are Rorschach, TAT, SSCT, RISB, and BenderGestalt.