Hofstede Cultural Framework

1. Power Distance 2. Individualism vs. Collectivism 3. Masculinity vs. Femininity 4. Uncertainty Avoidance 5. Long Term Orientation

Power Distance
...the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.

100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

U.S.A. Canada Germany Japan France

PD

Netherlands Hong Kong Indonesia West Africa Russia P.R.C

Power Distance at Work

Hierarchy Centralization Salary range Participation Ideal Boss Privilege & status symbols

Individualism vs. Collectivism

Individualist societies: ties are loose and everyone looks out for himself or herself Collectivist societies: people integrated into strong, cohesive groups; protection is exchanged for loyalty

100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

U.S.A. Canada Germany Japan France

ID

Netherlands Hong Kong Indonesia West Africa Russia P.R.C

Individualism / Collectivism at Work

Employee-employer relationship Hiring and promotion decisions Managerial focus Task vs. relationship priority

Masculinity vs. Femininity

Masculine societies: social gender roles are distinct (men focus on material success; women on quality of life) Feminine societies: social gender roles overlap (both quality of life)

100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

U.S.A. Canada Germany Japan France

MA

Netherlands Hong Kong Indonesia West Africa Russia P.R.C

Masculinity / Femininity at Work

Centrality of work Ways of managing & decision making Fem: equality, solidarity, quality of work life Mas: equity, compete, performance Conflict resolution

Uncertainty Avoidance
the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations. NOT the same as risk avoidance Presence of rules

100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

U.S.A. Canada Germany Japan France

UA

Netherlands Hong Kong Indonesia West Africa Russia P.R.C

Uncertainty Avoidance at Work

Necessity of rules Time orientation Precision & punctuality Interpretation of What is different Appropriateness of emotional displays

Long term orientation Confucian Dynamism

The newest dimension three universal dimensions and two fourth dimensions Truth vs. Virtue: What one believes vs. What one does

100

120

20

40

60

80

U.S.A. Canada Germany Japan France

LT

Netherlands Hong Kong Indonesia West Africa Russia P.R.C

 Short-term orientation Social pressure to keep up with the Joneses small savings expect quick results concern with possessing Truth

Long-term orientation Thrift: being sparing with resources large savings perseverance toward slow results concern with respecting the demands of Virtue

Hofstede Framework Comparisons

140

120

100

80

U.S.A. Canada Japan Netherlands

60

P.R.C

40

20

PD

ID

MA

UA

LT

Thank you