DNA BASED STEGANOGRAPHY

Presented by
Ritika Tondwal

WHAT IS STEGANOGRAPHY
The

art of hiding specific information inside a great excess of similarappearing information. The microdot, a means of concealing messages steganographically was developed by Professor Zapp and used by German spies in the Second World War to transmit secret information.

WHAT IS STEGANOGRAPHY
The cover photo helps demonstrate steganography, finding Waldo is a challenge because he is there but how do you identify which of the many characters that all look alike is really Waldo?

CRYPTANALYSIS ATTACK
TWO

MODES

attack

the signal itself to remove the watermark Cryptologic attack

Social engineering Traditional attacks(frequency/entropy measurements) Attacks on the integrity of cipher text

HOW DOES IT WORK

Based on genomic Steganography technology A DNA molecule is constructed containing an encoded message flanked by PCR primers keys. The DNA-encoded message is first camouflaged within the enormous complexity of the genomic DNA of an organism. is then further concealed by confining this DNA sample to a microdot the size of a period

HOW DOES IT WORK

HOW DOES IT WORK

A prototypical secret message DNA strand contains an encoded message flanked by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer key Sequences. human genome contains about 3210 X 10X9 nucleotide pairs, fragmented and denatured human DNA provides a very complex background for concealing secret-message DNA

HOW DOES IT WORK

How do you make an ink or taggant? DNA, when isolated and reduced in a laboratory, is White (effectively colorless) solid. It has so far been added to standard inks (security inks) and printed with a standard ink jet printer. Tests have also shown that it can be added to solvent based inks and it is anticipated that it can be added to nearly any ink at all without changing the printing characteristics in any noticeable way. Lifetime of the ink is expected to be unchanged by the DNA taggant

HOW DO YOU CONFIRM THE MARK

The confirmation begins with a process called PCR (polymerase chain reaction) that can amplify and help identify a certain sequence by amplifying the very small amount of that DNA amongst the enormous noise of other DNA sequences. The PCR step by itself yields a level of authentication. But, for absolute verification, the sequence of the secret DNA code can be determined, yielding the authentication code.

READING DNA MARKS

DNA TEMPLATE

PCR PRIMER

FIRST PCR CYCLE

2 TEMPLATES FOR THE NEXT PCR CYCLE

READING DNA MARKS

Amplifies secret dna to make it the major component from trace contaminent
But only an authorized person who knows the proper PCR primer key sequences can recover the secret DNA code.

READING DNA MARKS

The intended recipient could still use the same procedure even if ignorant of the random mixture composition to counter adversary attacks, and even if the primers artefactually amplified a limited number of genomic sequences, the encryption key would reveal which PCR product encodes a sensible message. This technique would also allow single or duplicate microdots to be used to send individual secret messages to each of several intended recipients, each of whom would use a unique set of primers to amplify only his or her intended message

AN EXAMPLE
secret message 100 nucleotides long added to treated human DNA at one copy per haploid genome would be hidden in a roughly three-million-fold excess of physically similar DNA strands. Confining such a sample to a microdot might then allow even the Medium containing the Message to be concealed from an adversary. Even if an adversary somehow detected such a microdot, it would still prove extremely difficult to read the message without knowing the specific primer key sequences.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Four

categories of dna markets

negotiable

instrument anti-forgery personnel identity and access control anti-theft marking product authentication

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
DNA Steganography can be used in any version of a mark or taggant. As the ultimate, most foolproof mark, it can be used for each and every purpose with the caveat that at present it will not be appropriate for an immediate verification step alone and must be part of a combination of elements in a device or document.

NEXT DEVELOPMENTS
Substrates Shelf

: Paper,plastics,glass,foil : Before and after printing : Hand held field reader

life

Readers

THANKS
QUESTIONS