Criteria for classification as reported in an ancient Chinese encyclopedia (Lakoff 1987): it is written that animals are divided into:

those that belong to the Emperor embalmed ones those that are trained

suckling pigs
mermaids

fabulous ones
stray dogs those that tremble as if they were mad those that have just broken a flower vase

Systematics- studies diversity of life study and classification of organisms with the goal of reconstructing their evolutionary history Taxonomy- study of classification science of identifying, naming and classifying organisms into groups

Linnaeus- 1700s, Swedish physician/botanist Developed binomial naming system

Example of Coral Classification

The Mushroom Coral Fungia scutaria
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa Order Scleractinia Family Fungiidae Genus Fungia Species scutaria

Biological Nomenclature
A species is both defined by its genus name and specific name.

Ex. Fungia scutaria

Fungia- genus name scutaria- species name

Table 1. Classification of the Domestic Cat Category Domestic Cat Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Felis Species silvestri

Biological Species
Organisms that are genetically similar, and have ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

Offspring is sterile
mule

donkey

horse

Mode of Reproduction: binary fission, gametes Cell structure: multi or single celled, nucleus/no nucleus, cell wall/no cell wall, chlorophyll present/not present, Internal/External skeleton: back bone, bone/cartilage Energy: autotrophic, heterotrophic, chemotrophic Respiratory system: gills, lungs, gas exchange across skin/epithelium Circulatory system: closed/open, # of chambers in a heart

Classification
Five kingdom system:
Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Six kingdom system:

Eubacteria Archaebacteria

Protista

Plantae

Fungi

Animalia

Three domain system:

Eubacteria Archaebacteria

Eight kingdom system:

Chromista Archezoa Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista

Plantae

Fungi

Animalia

Six kingdom system:

Monera
Eubacteria Archaebacteria

Protista

Plantae

Fungi

Animalia

Kingdoms Archaebacteria & Eubacteria (Monera)

Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms.

Heterotrophic, photoautotrophic, and chemoautotrophic species.
- Purple sulfur bacteria- chemoautotrophic - Blue-green algae (cyano)- photoautotrophic - E. coli- heterotrophic

Some with cell walls, but cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, not cellulose (as in higher plants).

Kingdom Protista

Eukaryotic, generally single-celled, organisms. If multicellular, then cells not well-oganized into tissues and organs (more colonies of cells). A very heterogeneous group include both heterotrophic and photoautotrophic forms. Includes protozoa (e.g., Paramecium, Amoeba, & Euglena, etc.) and algae (e.g., diatoms, dinoflagellates, Volvox, & most seaweed groups).

Kingdom Protista
Diatoms Dinoflagellates Green algae Brown Algae Red algae

Diatoms

Dinoflagellates

Chlorophyta: Green Algae

Halimeda opuntia

Codium edule
Caulerpa sertularioides

Caulerpa racemosa

Dictyosphaeria cavernosa

Phaeophyta: Brown Algae

Padina japonica

Hydroclathrus clathratus Turbinaria ornata

Sargassum polyphyllum

Sargassum echinocarpum

Rhodophyta: Red Algae

Ahnfeltia concinna Acanthophora spicifera

Hypnea chordacea Galaxaura fastigiata

Asparagopsis taxiformis

Kingdom Plantae

Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with cells organized into distinct tissues. Photoautotrophic nutrition. Most adapted for a terrestrial existence and possessing vascular tissues. Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls. Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees, cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.

Kingdom Plantae
Sea grasses

Halophilia hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii

Mangroves

Kingdom Fungi marine fungi

Eukaryotic, generally multicellular, organisms (a few species, e.g., yeast are unicellular). Heterotrophic, saprophytic (absorptive) nutrition. Most with cell walls (usually composed of chitin) and complex life histories. Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms.

Kingdom Animalia

Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with cells organized into distinct tissues. Heterotrophic nutrition Most exhibit significant capacity for locomotion. Cells not surrounded by cell walls. Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and human beings.

Phylogentic Relationships of Animals

Platyhelminthes Porifera Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata

Cnideria

Nematoda pseudo coelom

Annelida

Echinodermata

acoelom

segmentation
Protostome: schizocoelem Deuterostomes: eucoelom

radial symmetry bilateral symmetry no true tissues true tissue

Ancestral Protist

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Class Hexactinellida Class Desmospongia Class Calcaria
Purple and yellow tube sponge

Boring sponge

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnideria Class Hydrozoa- hydroids Class Scyphozoa- jellies Class Cubozoa- box jellies Class Anthozoa- corals and anemones

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Ctenophora- comb jellies

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Platyhelmithes- flat worms

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Opisthobranchia

Spanish Dancer (nudibranch) & egg mass

Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia

Cone shell
Cowery Opihi

periwinkle

Tritons trumpet

Class Polyplacophora (chitons)

Class Bivalvia

Class Cephalopoda

Day octopus

Phylum Echinodermata: Class Echinoidea: Sea Urchins Slate pencil urchin Collector urchin

Echinometra mathaei

Echinothrix calamaris

Colobocentrotus atratus

Class Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers

Polyplectana kerfersteninii Holothuria atra

Class Asteroidea: Sea Stars

Linckia sp.

Acanthaster planci

Class Ophiuroidea: Brittle Stars

Echinodermata: Class Crinoidea: Feather Stars

Phylum Arthropoda

Spiny lobster

Yellow spotted guard crab

Hawaiian cleaner shrimp

Anemone carrying hermit crab

Banded coral shrimp

Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata Class Chondrichthyes

Class Osteichthyes

680 species of fish in the islands' waters. About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area .

Domino damsel

Trigger (Humu)

White mouthed morey

Porcupine

Dwarf moray

Achilles tang

trumpetfish

Class Amphibia
Rana cancrivora

Class Reptilia

Saltwater crocodile

Marine iguana

Marine turtle

Sea snake

Class Aves

Class Mammalia

Whales & Dolphins

Polar bear

Sea otter

Seals & sealions

manatee Dugong