Chapter

3
McMurry/Fay

Formulas, Equations, and Moles

Chemistry, 5th Edition

The Structure of Atoms

Atomic Mass Unit 1 amu = 1/12 of the mass of on atom of Carbon-12

1 amu = 1.6605 x 10-24 g

Atomic and Molecular Mass

mass of carbon 12 atom 1 amu 12

Mass: proton = 1.00728 amu neutron = 1.0086 amu electron = 0.0005486 12C atom = 12.00000 amu 13C atom = 13.00335 amu
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Atomic and Molecular Mass

The atomic masses as tabulated in the periodic table are the averages of the naturally occurring isotopes. Mass of C = average of 12C and 13C

= 0.9889 x 12 amu + 0.0111 x 13.0034 amu

= 12.011 amu

Atomic and Molecular Mass

The mass of a molecule is just the sum of the masses of the atoms making up the molecule. m(C2H4O2) = 2mC + 4mH + 2mO = 2(12.01) + 4(1.01) + 2(16.00) = 60.06 amu
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Avogadro and the Mole

One mole of a substance is the gram mass value equal to the amu mass of the substance. One mole of any substance contains 6.02 x 1023 units of that substance.
Avogadros Number (NA, 6.022 x 1023) is the numerical value assigned to the unit, 1 mole.

Avogadro and the Mole

Avogadro and the Mole

Methionine, an amino acid used by organisms to make proteins, is represented below. Write the formula for methionine and calculate its molar mass. (red = O; gray = C; blue = N; yellow = S; ivory = H)

Avogadro and the Mole

The Mole: Allows us to

make comparisons

between substances
that have different masses.
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Balancing Chemical Equations

A balanced chemical equation represents the conversion of the reactants to products such that the number of atoms of each element is conserved.
reactants products
limestone quicklime + gas Calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
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Balancing Chemical Equations

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
The letters in parentheses following each substance are

called State Symbols

(g) gas (l) liquid (s) solid (aq) aqueous

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Balancing Chemical Equations

A balanced equation MUST have the same number of
atoms of each element on both sides of the equation.

H2 + O2 H2O

Not Balanced

H2 + O2 H2O Balanced

2H2 + O2 2H2O Balanced

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Balancing Chemical Equations

The numbers multiplying chemical formulas
in a chemical equation are called:

Stoichiometric Coefficients (S.C.)

2H2 + O2 2H2O Balanced

Here 2, 1, and 2 are stoichiometric coefficients.

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Balancing Chemical Equations

Hints for Balancing Chemical Equations:
1) 2)

Save single element molecules for last. Try not to change the S.C. of a molecule containing an element that is already balanced.

3)

If possible, begin with the most complex molecule that has no elements balanced.
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Balancing Chemical Equations

Hints for Balancing Chemical Equations:

4) Otherwise, trial and error!!

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Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 1: CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O

Balance O2 last

C is already balanced
Start by changing S.C. of H2O to balance H
CH4 + O2 CO2 + 2H2O
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Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 1: CH4 + O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Now C and H are balanced

Balance O by changing the S.C. of O2

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

BALANCED!

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Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 2:
Balance O last

B2H6 + O2 B2O3 + H2O

B is already balanced
Start by changing S.C. of H2O:

B2H6 + O2 B2O3 + 3H2O

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Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 2: B2H6 + O2 B2O3 + 3H2O

B and H are balanced

Balance O by changing S.C. of O2

B2H6 + 3O2 B2O3 + 3H2O

BALANCED!

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Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 3:
Balance O last

MnO2 + KOH + O2 K2MnO4 + H2O

Mn is already balanced
Change S.C. of KOH to balance K

MnO2 + 2KOH + O2 K2MnO4 + H2O

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Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 3: MnO2 + 2KOH + O2 K2MnO4 + H2O

Mn, K, and H are balanced (H was balanced by chance)

Balance O MnO2 + 2KOH + O2 K2MnO4 + H2O or 2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
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Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 4: NaNO2 + H2SO4

NO + HNO3 + H2O + Na2SO4

Hard one (no single element molecules) S is balanced Start with NaNO2 to balance Na 2NaNO2 + H2SO4 NO + HNO3 + H2O + Na2SO4
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Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 4: 2NaNO2 + H2SO4

NO + HNO3 + H2O + Na2SO4

S, Na, and N are balanced Cannot balance H without changing S.C. for H2SO4! Boo! Option 1: trial and error Option 2: Go on to next problem!
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Balancing Chemical Equations

Balance the following equations: C6H12O6 C2H6O + CO2 Fe + O2

NH3 + Cl2

Fe2O3
N2H4 + NH4Cl

KClO3 + C12H22O11 KCl + CO2 + H2O

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25

Balancing Chemical Equations

Balance the following equations: C6H12O6 2C2H6O + 2CO2 Fe + O2

NH3 + Cl2

Fe2O3
N2H4 + NH4Cl

KClO3 + C12H22O11 KCl + CO2 + H2O

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Balancing Chemical Equations

Balance the following equations: C6H12O6 2C2H6O + 2CO2 4Fe + 3O2

NH3 + Cl2

2Fe2O3 (balance O first)

N2H4 + NH4Cl

KClO3 + C12H22O11 KCl + CO2 + H2O

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Balancing Chemical Equations

Balance the following equations: C6H12O6 2C2H6O + 2CO2 4Fe + 3O2

NH3 + Cl2

2Fe2O3 (balance O first)

N2H4 + NH4Cl

N:H is 1:3 on left, must get 1:3 on right!

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Balancing Chemical Equations

NH3 + Cl2 N2H4 + NH4Cl

N:H is 1:3 on left, must get 1:3 on right!

4NH3 + Cl2

N2H4 + 2NH4Cl

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Balancing Chemical Equations

Balance the following equations: C6H12O6 2C2H6O + 2CO2 4Fe + 3O2

4NH3 + Cl2

2Fe2O3
N2H4 + 2NH4Cl

KClO3 + C12H22O11 KCl + CO2 + H2O (tough!)

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Balancing Chemical Equations

Balance the following equations: KClO3 + C12H22O11 KCl + CO2 + H2O

balance C

KClO3 + C12H22O11 KCl + 12CO2 + H2O

balance H KClO3 + C12H22O11 KCl + 12CO2 + 11H2O

balance O
8KClO3 + C12H22O11 KCl + 12CO2 + 11H2O
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Balancing Chemical Equations

Balance the following equations: 8KClO3 + C12H22O11 KCl + 12CO2 + 11H2O

balance K (and hope Cl is balanced)

8KClO3 + C12H22O11 8KCl + 12CO2 + 11H2O

Balanced!

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Balancing Chemical Equations

Write a balanced equation for the reaction of element A (red spheres) with element B (green spheres) as represented below:

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Avogadro and the Mole

34

Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry: Relates the moles of products and reactants to each other and to measurable quantities.

35

Stoichiometry
Aqueous solutions of NaOCl (household bleach)
are prepared by the reaction of NaOH with Cl2:
2 NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) NaOCl(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

How many grams of NaOH are needed to react

with 25.0 g of Cl2?
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Stoichiometry
2 NaOH + Cl2 NaOCl + NaCl + H2O
25.0 g Cl2 reacts with ? g NaOH

25 .0 g Cl2

1 mole Cl2 0.353 moles Cl2 70 .90 g Cl2

1 mole Cl2 2 moles NaOH 40 .0 g NaOH 25 .0 g Cl2 28 .2 g NaOH 70 .90 g Cl2 1 mole Cl2 1 mole NaOH
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Avogadro and the Mole

Calculate the molar mass of the following: Fe2O3 (Rust)

C6H8O7 (Citric acid)

C16H18N2O4 (Penicillin G)

Balance the following, and determine how many

moles of CO will react with 0.500 moles of Fe2O3.

Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) Fe(s) + CO2(g)
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Avogadro and the Mole

Fe2O3 + CO Fe + CO2
Balance (not a simple one) Save Fe for last C is balanced, but cant balance O In the products the ratio C:O is 1:2 and cant change Make the ratio C:O in reactants 1:2 Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
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Avogadro and the Mole

Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2

3 mole CO 0.500 moles Fe2O3 1.50 moles CO 1 mole Fe2O3

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Stoichiometry

41

Stoichiometry

Aspirin is prepared by reaction of salicylic acid

(C7H6O3) with acetic anhydride (C4H6O3) to form aspirin (C9H8O4) and acetic acid (CH3CO2H). Use this information to determine the mass of acetic anhydride required to react with 4.50 g of salicylic acid. How many

grams of aspirin will result? How many grams of acetic

acid will be produced as a by-product?
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Stoichiometry
Salicylic acid + Acetic anhydride
Aspirin + acetic acid

C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 C9H8O4 + CH3CO2H

C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 C9H8O4 + C2H4O2

Balanced!
Equal # moles for all
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Stoichiometry
4.50 g Salicylic acid (C7H6O3) = ? moles

MW C7H6O3 = 7 x 12.01 + 6 x 1.008 + 3 x 16.00

= 138.12 g/mole

1 mole S . A. 4.50 g S . A. 0.0326 moles S . A. 138 .12 g S . A.

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Stoichiometry
Since all compounds have the same S.C., there must be
0.0326 moles of all 4 of them involved in the reaction.

g Aspirin (C9H8O4) = 0.0326 moles x MW Aspirin = .0326 x [9x12.01 + 8x1.008 + 4x16.00]

=.0326 mole x 180.15 g/mole

5.87 g Aspirin
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Stoichiometry

Yields of Chemical Reactions: If the actual amount

of product formed in a reaction is less than the

theoretical amount, we can calculate a percentage

yield.

Actual product yield % yield 100% Theoretica l product yield

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Stoichiometry
Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) is prepared by reaction
of methane (CH4) with chlorine (Cl2) giving

hydrogen chloride as a by-product. How many

grams of dichloromethane result from the reaction of 1.85 kg of methane if the yield is 43.1%?

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Stoichiometry
CH4 + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
Balance CH4 + 2Cl2 CH2Cl2 + 2HCl

1.85 kg CH4 = ? moles CH4

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Stoichiometry
CH4 + 2Cl2 CH2Cl2 + 2HCl
1.85 kg CH4 = ? moles CH4 MW CH4 = 1x12.01 + 4x1.008 = 16.04 g/mole

1000 g 1 mole CH 4 1.85 kg CH 4 115 moles CH 4 kg 16 .4 g CH 4

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Stoichiometry
CH4 + 2Cl2 CH2Cl2 + 2HCl
115 moles CH4 in theory we should produce: 115 moles of CH2Cl2 and 230 moles of HCl And use up 230 moles of Cl2
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Stoichiometry
CH4 + 2Cl2 CH2Cl2 + 2HCl
115 moles of CH2Cl2 = ? g MW CH2Cl2 = 12.01 + 2x1.008 + 2x35.45 = 84.93 115 moles x (84.03 g/mole) = 9770 g

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Stoichiometry
CH4 + 2Cl2 CH2Cl2 + 2HCl
Expect 9770 g CH2Cl2 but the yield is 43.1% So we produced just 0.431 x 9770 g 4.21 kg CH2Cl2
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Stoichiometry
CH4 + 2Cl2 CH2Cl2 + 2HCl
Suppose the reaction went to completion (100% yield) Is mass conserved?

53

Stoichiometry
CH4 + 2Cl2 CH2Cl2 + 2HCl
Start with 115 moles CH4 and 230 moles Cl2 total mass = 115x16.04 + 230x70.90 = 1850 + 16300 = 18150 only 3 sig. figs. 18.2 kg
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Stoichiometry
CH4 + 2Cl2 CH2Cl2 + 2HCl
End with 115 moles CH2Cl2 and 230 moles HCl total mass = 115x84.93 + 230x36.46 = 9770 + 8390 = 18160 only 3 sig. figs 18.2 kg
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