Dr.

Sasmita Mishra KSOM, KIIT University

Hypothesis is the tentative guess about the outcome of the result. A hypothesis is an intelligent or educated guess or proposition, which can be put to test to determine its validity.

useful hypothesis is a testable statement which may include a prediction. A hypotheses should not be confused with a theory. Theories are general explanations based on a large amount of data. For example, the theory of evolution applies to all living things and is based on wide range of observations. However, there are many things about evolution that are not fully understood such as gaps in the fossil record. Many hypotheses have been proposed and tested.

 In

simple, declarative statement form

and quantifiable

Measurable Is

essentially a conjectural statement

Has

underlying assumptions on the testing of the stated relationships

researcher formulates hypothesis when

He finds gaps in knowledge The existing body of theories, laws and facts fails to explain the social reality and When competing findings are to be settled, and new facts have been assimilated to the existing body of theories, laws and facts.

lack of knowledge of the problem under study, absence of knowledge about theoretical framework, laws and facts, lack of ability to utilize the theoretical framework and existing body of knowledge logically, and the failure to be acquainted with the available research technique, tools and their limitations so as to phase the hypothesis property.

It delimits the scope of inquiry. It reduces the theoretical and empirical complexities by confining the study to the variables and constructs incorporated in the hypothesis. Guide the researcher to collect relevant data incorporated in variables and constructs of hypothesis. Testing hypothesis, adds to the advancement of knowledgeby filling gaps, adding new propositions to theories, modifying earlier theories, settling controversies, replacing earlier findings, etc.

Theory Personal peculiar experience Analogies Internalization of the Exterior Applying rules of Thumbs Observation of cultural values and behavior Observation of cross-cultural value and behavior Adopting the principle of thinking hat method Adopting different routes to reply the same research question

Six distinct states are identified and assigned a color: Information: (White) - considering purely what information is available, what are the facts? Emotions (Red) - instinctive gut reaction or statements of emotional feeling (but not any justification) Bad points judgment (Black) - logic applied to identifying flaws or barriers, seeking mismatch Good points judgment (Yellow) - logic applied to identifying benefits, seeking harmony Creativity (Green) - statements of provocation and investigation, seeing where a thought goes Thinking (Blue) - thinking about thinking

Descriptive hypotheses Ex: the educational system is not oriented to human resource need of a country Relational hypotheses Ex: families with higher incomes spend more for recreation. Causal hypotheses Ex: implementation of new machinery would lead to increased productivity Working hypotheses
Null hypotheses Statistical hypotheses Common sense hypotheses Ex: shop-assistants in small shops lack motivation Complex hypotheses Analytical hypotheses

HO: As a result of the XYZ company employee training program, there will either be no significant difference in employee absenteeism or there will be a significant increase. HA: As a result of the XYZ company employee training program, there will be a significant decrease in employee absenteeism.