1

February 9th 2005

LXe calibrations, PMT tests, cryostat
construction
1. Alpha sources on wires
2. 9 MeV from neutron capture in Nickel
3. t
0
4. further calibration methods ?
5. PMTs tests
6. Cryostat status
Calibrations
2
1) Alpha sources spots on
wires
Sorces at different distances seen by each PMT: unique feature
Made at Genova INFN
electrodeposited ( solution) on a gold-plated W wire

0.5 mm spots 12.4 cm apart (2 PMTs)
Wire thickness: 50 (alpha range ~40 )
Wire suspended with springs



Wires A,B = 100 Bq/source (LP front face)
Wires C,D = 30 Bq/source (LP back face)


A Czech Republic firm can provide a suitable wire in which Am on
foils is attached to wires by thermocompression
LP Front face Lateral face
3
4
5
February 9th 2005
The ring radius
depends on the
Rauleigh scattering
length
The best value for
reproducing the
radius is 20 cm
In contrast with
previous estimates!
Reflection ? ...we
must improve the
simulation and
detector
understanding
6
Small displacement of the two front wires
LXe GXe
7
PMT alpha direction
8
Charge vs Cosu in LXe
Front Face
Data MC
9
LXe/MC
New PMTs
Old PMTs
4 front
sources
10
LXe/MC
After applying QEs
4 front
sources
11
70 kHz photons with E>5 MeV from muon radiative decay @ R()
3x10**7. Total sources rate O(15 KBq @ 5 MeV)
Towards the final calorimeter
12
Po half-life=138 days
Trigger was
changed several
times
13
February 9th 2005
AMERICIUM WIRE-SOURCES
World-wide search (from 2003...):
ISOTRAK-AEA TECHNOLOGY
ISOTOPE PRODUCTS
LEA-CERCA
NORTH AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC
FRAMATOME
ETC.
all of them refused to consider this custom-made product....!
too difficult, too long development, too expensive, etc.
Finally: found a factory, Czech republic, Prague
working on ionization smoke detectors and electrostatic charge eliminators
(8 people.....)
accepted to perform a R&D for our special request.
UP and DOWN SUCCESS !:
Production method by thermocompression. Liquid Nitrogen tests at ENEA.

VERY IMPORTANT FOR FUTURE CRYOGENIC LIQUID DETECTORS
unique feature !
14
February 9th 2005
SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SEVERAL
Am WIRE-SOURCES
AND SEVERAL Am DISK-SOURCES
January 5
th
2005

The wire sources should be produced according to
the 3 model drawings final calorimeter (15
wires), large prototype (8 wires), Pisa device (2
wires).

Final calorimeter: 15 wires, 5 dot-sources per
wire,Large prototype: 10 wires, 2 dot-sources per
wire, Pisa device: 2 wires, a single dot source

The Am dots should be mounted by thermocompression
on a gold plated steel or tungsten wire of diameter
~ 100 m. The resulting wire diameter, after the
source mounting, should be < 200 m. The source
surface should be as smooth and regular as
possible. The dot sources should be covered by a
protective gold layer ~ 1.5 m thick.
The activity of each Am dot should be about 200 Bq
with a tolerance 25%. Each dot should have a
linear dimension < 2 mm. The position of each dot
on the wire should be precise within 1 mm.
A reference mark (non radioactive !) should be
mounted on one side of the wire only; the mark
(perhaps a gold layer fixed by thermocompression)
should be easily visible.
The wires must be shipped without damaging them;
each wire could perhaps be mounted on a thin
plastic rod or wrapped around a large diameter
spool.

The 25 disk-sources should be gold plated disks of
diameter 5 mm and have an activity of ~ 500 Bq per
source. Each source should be covered by a
protective gold layer ~ 1.5 m.
SPECITICATIONS
AND CONTRACT
FOR THE PRODUCTION
OF Am WIRE-SOURCES AND
OF Am DISK-SOURCES
Ready: end of March 2005
(TOTAL ACTIVITY < 40 kBq)

Each dot-source:
small radioative foil fixed on wire by
thermocompression

TESTED AT NITROGEN TEMPERATURE
AT THE ENEA LAB. IN ROME. OK !
NEEDED FROM PSI:
Authorization of nuclear security
for products
Authorization for import of
radioactive sources
Auhorization for production of
detectors using radioactive sources
15
February 9th 2005
Wire of ~100 micron diameter
Material: gold plated steel or tungsten
Total length 150 cm
Spacing of dot-sources 12.4 cm
Linear dimension of dots 1-2 mm
Activity ~ 200 Bq per dot
150 cm total wire length
Am dots
12.4 cm distance between Am dots
Reference Mark
20.0 cm distance between Mark and First Dot
Central Dot
WIRE SOURCES FOR FINAL CALORIMETER
15 WIRES, 5 DOT-SOURCES PER WIRE

16
February 9th 2005
Wire of ~100 micron diameter
Material: gold plated steel or tungsten
Total length 150 cm
Spacing of dot-sources 12.4 cm
Linear dimension of dots 1-2 mm
Activity ~ 200 Bq per dot
150 cm total wire length
Am dots
12.4 cm distance between Am dots
Reference Mark
20.0 cm distance between Mark and First Dot
Wire centre
WIRE SOURCES FOR LARGE PROTOTYPE
10 WIRES, 2 DOT-SOURCES PER WIRE
17
February 9th 2005
Wire of ~100 micron diameter
Material: gold plated steel or tungsten
Total length 50 cm
Central dot-source
Linear dimension of dots 1-2 mm
Dot Activity ~ 200 Bq
50 cm total wire length
Reference Mark
20.0 cm distance between Mark and Dot
Central Am Dot
WIRE SOURCES FOR PISA DEVICE
2 WIRES, 1 DOT-SOURCE PER WIRE
18
February 9th 2005
19
February 9th 2005
rather narrow
energy-spectra

possible mounting
on special
supports and screws
20
February 9th 2005
Will it be possible to use them @ beam on?
21
February 9th 2005
2) 9 MeV gamma line from neutron capture on
Nickel:Experimental set-up
- Am-Be source
(20000 n/s);

- Polyethylene;

- Nickel plates
30 x 30 cm
2

(0.5 cm and 0.25 cm
thickness)

- 20 x 20 x 36 cm
3

NaI detector

-MCA ORTEC
(2048 channels)

- NIM electronics.
22
February 9th 2005
-line from n-capture on Ni, I, Al, H
2
;
natural radioactivity Tl, K; Am/Be source
Am/Be
4.4 MeV &
1
st
escape
I
6.8 Mev
Al
7.7 MeV
Ni
9 MeV
Ni
8.54 MeV &
1
st
escape
H
2

2.2 MeV

Tl
2.6 MeV

Black: Am/Be source and 1 cm Ni
Red: no Am/Be source
Green: no Am-Be source, no Ni
(Gotta Beam on)
K
1.46 MeV
23
February 9th 2005
9 MeV Nickel -line
NaI 20 x 20 x 36 cm
3

neutron generator (Pavia ?)
Intensities from 10
6
n/s to 10
8
n/s
Typical pulse rate and pulse width 10 Hz and 1 s
Time separation of direct from delayed reactions
Single pulse mode
THERMAL NEUTRON CAPTURE ON NICKEL
Potentialities :
switchable on-off
frequent (s, m,...) stability checks
system out of the calorimeter
Ni and Xe, prompt and delayed signals
probably: visible signal at full beam intensity
time reference
Open problems:
monitoring from calorimeter back
only at one location ?
some dispersed neutrons and radioactivity
test of the method at high beam intensity
useful test with the large prototype
(already foreseen in April, with Am/Be source)
D +
2
H
3
He + n Q = 3.27 MeV
D +
3
H
4
He + n Q = 17.59 MeV
Polyethylene
0.25 cm Nickel plate
3 cm 20 cm
24
February 9th 2005
Possibilities
POLY POLY
POLY
Am/Be
0.25 cm Nickel
n
POLY POLY
3 cm polyethylene
NaI
25
February 9th 2005
3) t
0
calibration
Target
Anti Counter
up
tilt
down
Support structure: straightly up and
down
Tilt mechanism at every height for
NaI front to face target direction.
target
t
0


Proton beam: 1.8mA
Pion Rate: 2x10
7
t
-
/sec
Collimate: 2PMTs x 2PMTs ~ 150cm
2
(1 position)
2 /sec
# of PMTs on incident face: 216
PMTs (54 positions)
required: 30,000 evts/position
takes 30,000 x 54 / 2 =
810,000sec~ 10 days
How often can it be
performed?
26
February 9th 2005
3) Further calibration methods...
500 KV PROTON ACCELERATOAND LITIUM TARGET FOR A
17.6 MEV GAMMA LINE
Potentialities :
a unique nuclear reaction with a high energy -line (I~10 KeV)
obtainable : s 10
6
/s (isotropic) at 440 KeV resonance (I
p
~ 50 A)
from LiF target at COBRA center; s on the whole cal. entrance face
energy and position calibration; shower properties; all over LXe cal.
possibly: rather frequent use
Open problems:
compatibility with normal beam and target ?
project for easiness of target-tube mounting
accelerator/COBRA, which position and distance ?
p-beam divergence and protons on target; p~29 MeV/c
500 KeV and criticality of an air-insulated accelerator
is a post-acceleration possible ?
[P.R. 73, 666 (1948), N.P. 21 1 (1960), Zeitschrift f. Physik A351 229 (1995)]
3
7
Li (p,)
4
8
Be
27
February 9th 2005
Previously used...
28
February 9th 2005
3
7
Li (p,)
4
8
Be
resonant at E
p
= 440 keV
I=14 keV o
peak
= 5 mb
E
0
= 17.6 MeV
E
1
= 14.6
6.1
B
peak

0
/(
0+

1
)= 0.720.07
NaI 12x12 spectrum

0

Crystal Ball Data
29
February 9th 2005
5
11
B (p,)
6
12
C
lower proton energy !
lower rate at 50 A !!
A further interesting possibility...
Cecil et al. NP A539 75 (1992)
10x10 cm NaI crystal
resonant at E
p
= 163 keV
I= 7 keV
E
0
= 16.1 MeV o
peak
= 5.5 b
E
1
= 11.7 + 4.4 o
peak
= 152 b
~ 750

0
/s (isotropic)
~20.000

1
/s for I
p
~ 50 A
30
February 9th 2005
NOW: GLAST SPACE EXPERIMENT
CRYSTAL CALORIMETER CALIBRATION
It is the old VDG of the Crystal Box experiment ! !
they have some problems: old device, max. VDG p-energy is 400 KeV
out of resonance: -rate reduced by factor ~ 5000
How can we get one such device ?? We are exploring several possibilities...
180 cm target-pipe
31
February 9th 2005
rails
cockroft
focusing elements
(magnetic or electrostatic ?)
Cal. calibration from the target position, monitoring at the cal. back
at the cal. back the proton motion in the
COBRA field must be be studied
32
February 9th 2005
proton MC trajectories
E
p
~440 keV ~28 MeV/c !!
Z(cm)
X(cm)
Y(cm)
the protons are not
reflected back by the
varying magnetic field

~ 8 giroradius < 12 cm
33
February 9th 2005
Z(cm)
X(cm)
Y(cm)
~0.8cm
Plane Z = 0 cm
~ 0.5 giroradius < 1 cm
34
February 9th 2005
KEEP MEG UNDER CONTROL
PARTICULARLY AT HIGH (AND VARIABLE) BEAM INTENSITIES.........
frequent checks of calorimeter energy scale, linearity and stability
checks of LXe optical properties
energy resolution and spacial resolution
shower properties
at the right energy (~ 53 MeV), but also at other energies.....
no single calibration method has all the required characteristics
use complementary (and redundant) methods,
make the best use of their intrinsic properties
emphasize the reliability of our experiment
BR e ~10
-13
Beam Intensity~5 10
7
/s
35
February 9th 2005
5) PMT tests
<Q>

= 50 pC
F18, TB type F0, 6041 (old)
<Q>

= 87 pC
PMT in LP, LED pulsed (@ 1 khz)
36
February 9th 2005
10 Khz
<Q>

= 50 pC
TB
6041
<Q>

= 87 pC
photocathode
saturation effect
37
February 9th 2005
50 Khz
<Q>

= 50 pC
TB 6041
<Q>

= 87 pC
photocathode
saturation effect
38
February 9th 2005
100 Khz
<Q>

= 50 pC
TB 6041
<Q>

= 87 pC
Gain non linearity
39
February 9th 2005
6041
t = 115 s
Anode current should be < 0.5 A
40
February 9th 2005
TB
Lower photocathode resistivity (ZA much better)
41
February 9th 2005
Zener Diodes on PMT Base
42
Linearity much improved
presently installed
PMT with Zener
T=-108C
43
But Zener problem at low
temperature
Positive pulses with total
positive charge are seen! (rate
~300 Hz @ V>20 mV)
The problem is present ONLY
at liquid Xe temperature:
disappears during warm-up
The pulse is not present when
the Zener diodes are removed
44
Several Zener diode types tried
Seller Brand Package
Distrelec FairChild Glass
Farnell Phillips plastic
RS On semicond plastic
RS Phillips Ceramic
Original ... plastic
RS Vishay sinter gl.
45
Results: FairChild
68+75 5 Hz
75+75 200 Hz
(75//75)x2 3 Hz
46
February 9th 2005
R9288 base with low pass filter
Optimum resistance will be something
around 100KOhm
Low pass filter is built in
by adding resistors serial to Zener
If the resistance is too small, filtering will not work.
With too large resistance, the effect of Zener will be little
under high rate BG environment
47
February 9th 2005
Low pass filter in PMT base @ Astro-E2 HXD
PMT base with Zener diode and low
pass filter is adopted in Astro-E2
Hard X-ray Detector. (HXD)
Fifth Japanese space X-ray
observatory
PMT+BGO
High counting rate
HXD will be cooled downed to
30 C
Zener is used in this base
circuit and low pass filter is
built in because of the noise
from Zener. Various tests have
been performed with this base
and its good performance was
confirmed so far.
48
February 9th 2005
PMT Test using the base with Low Pass filter
Type Z Type ZR
49
February 9th 2005
Chamber Set Up
Type ZR
Gas
xenon
Alpha source
LED
Type Z
Upper PMT temp.
~ - 85 C
Lower PMT temp.
~ - 100 C
HV=800V for both PMTs
Same interstage volt.,
same current between 2 PMTs
50
February 9th 2005
Oscilloscope Snapshot
Type Z
Type ZR
Yasuko HISAMATSU MEG Collaboration Meeting Feb. 2005
No noise was observed!!
Noise from Zener
Alpha event
51
February 9th 2005
We have an alternative; active base with MOS-FET
Adopted in the experiment
MOS-FET is operational in 165K
If the base Type ZR doesnt work
52
February 9th 2005
When a solution is found
Start testing PMTs: 300-400 at Pisa
(Cryo facility) and 600-700 at PSI (LP)
53
February 9th 2005
6) Cryostat: designs ready; tenders
and procurements organization
Tenders have been organized in three parts:
1. Conventional part
2. Cold and warm windows
3. Purchasing of the cold sealing
4. PMTs supporting structure
The tender procedure has been completed for the conventional part.
SIMIC has won the tender for the best price and for other reasons.
This company is going to purchase a low magnetic permeability
stainless steel (<1.008) and will perform the cold test at the
company. We visited the company to warn them about the project
difficulty, remarking our requirements in term of level of cleanness
and tightness written in the tender technical specification.
The company, if it will receive in time the cold and warm window and
the cold sealing, estimated a fabrication time of 10
th
month.
54
February 9th 2005
SIMIC profile in cryogenics application
http://www.simic.it/eng/home.htm
55
February 9th 2005
Cold and warm windows
FEA studies are in progress.
Honeycomb structure has been discussed with manufacturing
companies
We are trying to subdivide the fabrication and qualification of the
window to be able to maintain the cost as low as possible

We have separated the following activities.

Mechanical test ( Mech. Dept Univ of Pisa)
Test box and welded parts (Mechanical design INFN (Pisa)
manufacturing with proper company)
Tooling and molds are going to be designed by INFN (Pisa)
Honeycomb structure (Composite aerospace company)

56
February 9th 2005
FEA studies are in progress
0
0,00005
0,0001
0,00015
0,0002
0,00025
0,0003
0,00035
0,0004
0,00045
0,0005
0,0003 0,0004 0,0006 0,001
thickness ( m )
m
a
x

d
i s
p
l a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(

m
)
incastro max displ-thickness cerniera max displ-thickness
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
160000000
180000000
200000000
0,0003 0,0004 0,0006 0,001
thickness ( m )
m
a
x

p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l

(

P
a

)
cerniera max princ-thickness membrane theory
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
160000000
180000000
200000000
0,0003 0,0004 0,0006 0,001
thickness ( m )
m
a
x

p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l

(

P
a

)
Incastro max princ-thickness membrane theory
57
February 9th 2005
Honeycomb structure discussed with manufacturing company
Internal welded foil .3 mm or less welded on external
Frame necessary to test the window prior the final welding
on the cryostat body.
Bolted area
This area is reinforced
Honeycomb structure
Two facing of .7 mm CFRP.
(intermediate high module CF with
Epoxy space approved)
Core aluminum honeycomb
perforated
58
February 9th 2005
Honeycomb structure has been discussed with manufacturing
company
Precision must been obtained on
this side for this reason the
honeycomb must rest on the
mold on this side
Using thin facing material
makes difficult to obtain high
tolerance, even if we use a flex
core material, not available in
perforated aluminum.

This area is reinforced
59
February 9th 2005
Cold joints: interaction with the factory
Modification of bolts position and number
We asked non-magnetic seal
60
February 9th 2005
Pisa 30-December-2004
Cold joints
61
February 9th 2005
PMTs supporting structure design
62
February 9th 2005
Some issues recently reviewed

Detailed drawings of internal attachments

Windows area dimensions reviewed.

Superinsulation required to the company

Electro polishing of internal surfaces

Outer vessel isolated from the base. (A G10 plate will be placed
under the cryostat legs)

Reviewed the height of all components

Metallic o-rings to be fixed in the vertical position

Guiding pins needs to be added on the cold and on the warm flange
to avoiding that the studs are hitting the contact surface of the
o-ring on the covers
63
February 9th 2005
Calorimeter
schedule
2005
64
February 9th 2005
Neutron measurements status
4
Device Location Beam type Average
Beam int.
(mA)
Thermal n
flux
(cm
-2
s
-1
)
Non thermal
n flux
(cm
-2
s
-1
)
NaI 1 Positive 1.5 3.5 4 unknown Pisa
LiI + Bonner 2 Positive 1.67 6 ~ 25
He
3
1-2 Positive 1.5 6-7 unknown Tokyo
He
3
+ Bonner 4 Positive 1.8 2 ~ 12