OVER VIEW: 1. Introduction 2. Android Architecture 3.Version History 4. Features 5. Uses 6. Advantage 7. Disadvantage 8.

Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Android is a Linux-based, open-source operating system

Android is a software platform and operating system designed for use on cell phones, e-readers, tablet pcs, and other mobile devices, based on the linux kernel, developed by google and later the Open Handset Alliance(OHA).
It allows developers to write managed code in the java language, controlling the device via Google-developed java libraries.

OPEN HANDSET ALLIANCE(OHA):

1. On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of several companies which include Broadcom Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, Marvell Technology Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile and Texas Instruments unveiled itself.

2. The goal of the Open Handset Alliance is to develop open standards for mobile devices.

A consortium of several companies :

ANDROID ARCHITECTURE

LINUX KERNEL:

The basic layer is the Linux kernel. The whole Android OS is built on top of the Linux 2.6 Kernel with some further architectural changes made by Google. It is this Linux that interacts with the hardware and contains all the essential hardware drivers. Drivers are programs that control and communicate with the hardware.

LIBRARIES:
The next layer is the Androids native libraries. It is this layer that enables the device to handle different types of data. These libraries are written in c or c++ language and are specific for a particular hardware.

Some of the important native libraries include the following: Surface Manager: It is used for compositing window manager with off-screen buffering. Off-screen buffering means you cant directly draw into the screen, but your drawings go to the off-screen buffer. There it is combined with other drawings and form the final screen the user will see. This off screen buffer is the reason behind the transparency of windows. Media framework: Media framework provides different media codecs allowing the recording and playback of different media formats SQLite: SQLite is the database engine used in android for data storage purposes WebKit: It is the browser engine used to display HTML content OpenGL: Used to render 2D or 3D graphics content to the

Android Runtime

Android Runtime consists of Dalvik Virtual machine and Core Java libraries. It is a type of JVM used in android devices to run apps and is optimized for low processing power and low memory environments. Unlike the JVM, the Dalvik Virtual Machine doesnt run .class files, instead it runs .dex files. .dex files are built from .class file at the time of compilation and provides hifger efficiency in low resource environments. The Dalvik VM allows multiple instance of Virtual machine to be created simultaneously providing security, isolation, memory management and threading support. It is developed by Dan Bornstein of Google.

Dalvik Virtual Machine:

Core Java Libraries

These are different from Java SE and Java ME libraries. However these libraries provides most of the functionalities defined in the Java SE libraries.

Application Framework:

These are the blocks that our applications directly interacts with. These programs manage the basic functions of phone like resource management, voice call management etc. As a developer, you just consider these are some basic tools with which we are building our applications. Important blocks of Application framework are: Activity Manager: Manages the activity life cycle of applications Content Providers: Manage the data sharing between applications Telephony Manager: Manages all voice calls. We use telephony manager if we want to access voice calls in our application. Location Manager: Location management, using GPS or cell tower Resource Manager: Manage the various types of resources we use in our Application

VERSION HISTORY: Android has been updated frequently since the original release of "Astro", with each fixing bugs and adding new features. Each version after Astro and Bender is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or sweet treat, with 1.5 "Cupcake" being the first and every update since following this naming convention. List of Android version code names: Cupcake Donut Eclair Froyo Gingerbread Honeycomb Ice Cream Sandwich Jelly Bean

ANDROID VERSION

30 April 2009

15 Sep 2009

26 October 2009

20 May 2010

6 Dec 2010

22 Feb 2011

19 Oct 2011

FEATURES:
Current features and specifications: Handset layouts: The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based on OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, and traditional smartphone layouts. Storage: SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes. Connectivity: Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX. Messaging: SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including threaded text messaging and Android Cloud To Device Messaging (C2DM) and now enhanced version of C2DM, Android Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is also

Multiple language support: Android supports multiple languages. Web browser: The web browser available in Android is based on the opensource Web Kit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine. The browser scores 100/100 on the Acid3 test on Android 4.0. Java support: While most Android applications are written in Java, there is no Java Virtual Machine in the platform and Java byte code is not executed. Java classes are compiled into Dalvik executables and run on Dalvik, a specialized virtual machine designed specifically for Android and optimized for battery-powered mobile devices with limited memory and CPU. J2ME support can be provided via third-party applications.

Media support:
Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: WebM, H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, OggVorbis, FLAC, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP, WebP. Additional hardware support: Android can use video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers, dedicated gaming controls, proximity and pressure sensors, thermometers, accelerated 2D bit blits (with hardware orientation, scaling, pixel format conversion) and accelerated 3D graphic. Multi-touch: Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets such as the HTC Hero. The feature was originally disabled at the kernel level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple's patents on touch-screen technology at the time). Google has since released an update for the Nexus One and the Motorola Droid which enables multi-touch natively.

Bluetooth: Supports A2DP, AVRCP, sending files (OPP), accessing the phone book (PBAP), voice dialing and sending contacts between phones. Keyboard, mouse and joystick (HID) support is available in Android 3.1+, and in earlier versions through manufacturer customizations and third-party applications.

Multitasking:
Multitasking of applications, with unique handling of memory allocation, is available. Voice based features: Google search through voice has been available since initial release. Voice actions for calling, texting, navigation, etc. are supported on Android 2.2 onwards. External storage: Most Android devices include microSD slot and can read microSD cards formatted with FAT32, Ext3 or Ext4 file system. To allow use of high-capacity storage media such as USB flash drives and USB HDDs, many Android tablets also include USB 'A' receptacle. Storage formatted with FAT32 is handled by Linux Kernel VFAT driver, while 3rd party solutions are required to handle other popular file systems such as NTFS, HFS Plus and exFAT.

USES:
While Android is designed primarily for smartphones and tablets, the open and customizable nature of the operating system allows it to be used on other electronics, including laptops and netbooks, smart-books, e-book readers, and smart TVs (Google TV). Further, the OS has seen niche applications on wristwatches, headphones, car CD and DVD players, smart glasses (Project Glass), refrigerators, vehicle satnav systems, home automation systems, games consoles, mirrors, cameras, portable media players landlines, and treadmills.

SECURITY:
Several security firms have released antivirus software for Android devices, in particular, Lookout Mobile Security, AVG Technologies, Avast!, F-Secure, Kaspersky, McAfee and Symantec. This software is ineffective as sandboxing also applies to such applications, limiting their ability to scan the deeper system for threats

ADVANTAGES:
The mobile platform Android is an open platform. The installation of Android is possible on every cell phone. The installation of the whole environment to develop Android applications is possible on every operating system. Android requires a low footprint of 250 kbyte The application model/life-cycle is future oriented with the source code separation of view and logic. The emulator of the Android platform has a modern design and is easy to use.

Application installation on the emulator/device is possible via Android Debug Bridge(adb) or via Eclipse (with ADT plugin) Google offers a very good documentation as well as many examples which cover the most basic and important techniques used to get in touch with Android and the application development on it. Android supports all established techniques and standards for media, communication and data transfer. Android offers a real database which is SQLite.

Android has an integrated web browser which allows a PC like usage

Android relies on open operating system Linux version 2.6

DISADVANTAGE:
Android Linux-based system, so as to modify Andor, the user must know the commands on the Linux system, and should log on as administrator. Not only is the installation of Program, each phone has a different way. The lack of compatibility all users of Android phones, we must learn again if Android phones to replace with other brands. Even to show any recovery mode, an Android phone has a different way. So in conclusion, if you are a person who likes to tinker with the phone, then you should not use mobile phones for Android.

CONCLUSION:

The final conclusion is that the Androids platform which has developed by Google is going to play major role in Mobile Operating System and its applications as it is an open source and it is also easy to develop Mobile application using android. These apps turn out to be very useful in our day to day life. Android is the future of mobile operating systems.

REFERENCES:

"Android 1.1 Version Notes". Android Developers. February 2009.

"About the Android Open Source Project". Retrieved 201202-20.

Android Development http://developer.android.com Open Handset Alliance: http://www.openhandsetalliance.com

THANK YOU