PEMERHATIAN:

Direct firsthand eye-witness

accounts of everyday social action
that answer the question: What’s
going on? (Schwandt 1997: 106)
Objektif Pemerhatian

 Mampu melihat & memahami konteks kajian secara jelas di lapangan.

 Membuat kesimpulan melalui pendekatan induktif.

 Melihat sesuatu yang kurang diberi perhatian atau sudah dianggap

biasa oleh individu yang diperhati (responden).

 Dapat meneliti sesuatu yang tidak diperolehi melalui soalselidik &

temubual -kerana mungkin dianggap sensitif atau terabai.

 Selain memperolehi data, penyelidik dapat menyelami secara langsung

apa yang dirasai oleh responden kajian.

 5 Pemerhatian Berkualiti
 What happens is viewed in terms of the people being observed

in a social setting.

 Great attention must be paid to detail.

 What is observed must be placed in a historical & social

context.

 The processual & dynamic quality of social action needs to be

recognized.

 Researchers should not impose premature theoretical ideas on

the action of the participants.

 Perkara atau Objek yang Diperhati

 Suasana/Persekitaran

 Manusia & Hubungannya

 Tingkah laku, tindakan & aktiviti

 Verbal Behavior

 Keadaan Psychologi

 Kesan-kesan sejarah

 Objek fizikal.
. . .1 suasana

 Kawasan pendalaman
 Kawasan kejiranan
 Suasana berlainan memberikan
makna berlainan.
 Berada di Cameron Highland –sejuk
nyaman memberikan suasana berlainan
dengan Bangi yg panas & rimas.
... 2 manusia & hubungannya
 People:
 Belong community
 Visitors
 Outsiders
 Relationships:
 Playing roles
 Vale based relationship
 Economic
 Participants as:
 Workers
 Family members
 Club members
 Deviant members
. . . 3 Tingkahlaku, Tindakan & Aktiviti

 Understand the field

 Try put yourself into the environment

 Experience what it would be

 Example : Raising hand in class room:

 Tall students more than short?
 Chinese more than Malay?
 Male more than female?
 Those sitting in the front rather than those in the back?
... 3 Tingkahlaku Verbal
 Can be observed in 2 ways:
 Listen
for the content of the
conservation & record it. e.g.
• Questions,
• Answers
• Statements etc.
 View conservation as social
interaction & note:
• Who talks
• Who ask question of whom
• Who answers question from whom
• Who supports whom
... 4 Keadaan Psikologi
 Amusement
 Laughter

 Contentment

 Anger

 Discontent

 eg. Nursery school child.

... 5 Kesan Sejarah
 Historical Informants
 Immigrants stories

 Family stories
...6 Objek Fizikal

 Objects in class room:

 Teachers desk in the front =
leadership position of teacher
 Teachers; in the back = participant or
to be observer.
 Person’s house
 Arrangements of objects tell the story.

 Tv centered in living room= purpose

of the room
 INSTRUMEN OBSERVASI
 MEKANIKAL
 Lakaran
 Kamera
 Kamera video

 CHECKLIST
 Catatan perubahan tingkah laku (ya/tidak)

 SKALA RATING
 ABaik Baik Shana Krg Lmh

 PENJADUALAN
 Perubahan: jam, hari, minggu, bulanan

 ONE WAY SCREENS

 Cermin gelap, lubang khas, hidden camera.
Klasifikasi Pemerhatian
 Pemerhatian tanpa Penyertaan tanpa Kawalan
 Berperanan sebagai outsider
 Tempoh masa singkat
 Kurang memahami sebenar
 Membuat kesimpulan sendiri
 Kesilapan membaca minda

 Pemerhatian Penyertaan tanpa Kawalan

 Berperanan sebagai insider
 Tempoh masa lama
 Memhami keadaan sebenar
 Kesimpulan lebih tepat
 Minda adalah pengalaman sendiri

 Pemerhatian Terkawal
 Berlaku bias effect kerana:
 Observant rasa diperhati
 Timbul keadaan tidak natural.
 Keadaan dikawal berdasarkan matlamat kajian
Kajian etnografi

 Mengutamakan pendekatan
observasi.
Hawthorn Effect
 Definition:
 A term referring to the tendency of some people to work
harder and perform better when they are participants in
an experiment.
 Individuals may change their behavior due to the
attention they are receiving from researchers rather than
because of any manipulation of independent variables.

 This effect was first discovered and named by researchers
at Harvard University who were studying the relationship
between productivity and work environment.

 Researchers conducted these experiments at the Hawthorn

Plant of Western Electric and found that productivity
increased due to attention from the research team and not
because of changes to the experimental variable.