CHAPTER TWO Aircraft hydraulic system

Hydraulics:- is a branch of fluid mechanics which includes the study of fluids & their physical characteristics , both at rest & in motion.

FLUID FLOW -We are concerned with two division of fluid flow. Flow through restriction or orifice Flow in tubing

Flow in tubing:-When there is fluid flow in a tube , resistance is created by the shearing Action b/n the wall of the tube & the fluid -Whenever there is a resistance, there is a loss of energy. -With no motion of the fluid , there is no resistance, but as velocity increase, resistance increases. Resistance depends on viscosity. -Fluid flow may be laminar or turbulent Laminar Slow & uniform The fluid in parallel stream -As velocity increase beyond critical point, turbulent flow take place.

FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE OR RESTRICTION

-Resistance to the flow may be caused:The shearing action of the fluid & Turbulent created by an increase in velocity

-As a result , there is a loss of energy when fluid flows through an orifice or restriction .
-As the velocity of a gas or liquid increases there will be a corresponding Decrease in pressure. FIG.2.1 -A restriction or venture would be used in the hydraulic system, generally to limit The rate of fluid flow. Example:- In landing gear hydraulic system, when being extended, will tend to drop With greater force. If a restriction is installed in the hydraulic return line , the velocity Of the fluid will decrease, thus slowing the extension gear & preventing possible structural damage.

CONFINED GAS LAW Pascals law

-Blaise Pascal ( 1632-1662) , a French mathematician & philosopher, noted that:When a force is exerted on a confined fluid, the pressure is transmitted equally & Undiminished in all direction.

Types of hydraulic fluid: The three types of hydraulic fluids are - Vegetable base - Mineral (petroleum) base fluid - Synthetics or phosphate ester base (Fire resistance)

Vegetable base:-This blue fluid identified by military specification (milspec) number MIL H-7644 -It is the oldest and least used Extremely inflammable and A requirement for natural rubber seals that react negatively with other fluids. Mineral base: - identified by (milspec) MIL-H- 5606 and colored red, this fluid is a flammable petroleum product and smells like penetrating oil. It needs synthetic rubber seals Phosphate Easter base (synthetic fire resistance, skydrol) - Identified by MIL-8446 -Used by modern jet a/c -Seals gaskets and holes used with the fluid.

The a/c hydraulic system is composed of two or more systems that are not connected to each other as:Main hydraulic system Booster hydraulic system (Auxiliary hydraulic- system ) Utility hydraulic system Emergency hydraulic The main hydraulic system: - is to supply power to the a/c systems through out engine operation, at any flight characteristics, on the ground and in the air for example -L/g retraction and extension Gear door closing Flight control surfaces operation A wide variety of other devices requiring -High power -Quit action -Accurate control

The auxiliary (Booster ) hydraulic system is to supply power to a/c system through out engine operation parallel with main hydraulic systems and supply power to the a/c control systems in case of main hydraulic system failure Example:aileron elevator Utility hydraulic system: - this system is the main one for operating just as main hydraulic system on some aircrafts (Helicopter) -L/g extension and retraction Emergency hydraulic system: - this comes only in to operation in case of main hydraulic failure to operate e.g. (L-39)

Basic hydraulic system

- Hydraulic Pressure Regulated Power System:Aircraft hydraulic systems have two major section or parts:The power section and The sub (actuating section). Power sections:- develop, limit and direct pressure which

actuates various mechanisms of the aircraft.

The sub-section (actuating section):- is the section containing the various operating mechanisms and their units such as landing gear, wing flaps, brakes ,boost systems and steering.

Functions of Parts of the Power System

1.Reservoir: - holds an extra supply of fluid for system from
which oil was drawn when needed, or oil was returned to it when not needed.

2.Accumulator:- absorbs pulsation within the hydraulic system

and helps reduce "line hammer effects" (pulses that feel and sound like a hammer has hit the hydraulic tubes). It is an emergency source of power and it acts as another reservoir.

3.Filter: - removes impurities in the hydraulic system and in the

reservoir. The reservoir has one big filter inside the tank.

4.Power Pump: - it changes mechanical horsepower (HP) to

hydraulic HP.

5.System Relief Valve :- relieves pressure on system as a safety

measure and takes over as a pressure regulator when pressure regulator fails. 6. Pressure Regulator:- as the name implies, regulates the pressure in the hydraulic system. When it senses a built-up in

pressure in the lines to the selector valves, it acts so that the

system automatically goes to bypass.

The system in drawing below represents a pressure regulated power system comprised of two parts: 1) the power system, and 2) the actuating system part of the overall hydraulic system.

Hydraulics Systems Principles of Operation

Part of the hydraulic system is the actuating cylinder whose main function is to change hydraulic (fluid) power to mechanical (shaft) power. Inside the actuating cylinder is a piston whose motion is regulated by oil under pressure. The oil is in contact with both sides of the piston head but

at different pressures. High pressure oil may be pumped into eithe

side of the piston head. The selector valve determines to which side of the actuating cylinder the high pressure oil is sent. The piston rod of the actuating cylinder is connected to the control surface, in this case, an elevator.

Hydraulics Systems Principles of Operation

Hydraulic component and their function

A reservoir to hold a supply of hydraulic fluid ! A pump to provide a flow of fluid Tubing to transmit the fluid ! A selector valve to direct the flow of fluid An actuating unit to convert the fluid pressure into useful work

Hydraulic component and their function

Hydraulic fluid reservoir: The primary purpose of the reservoir is to act as a storage tank for the systems fluid. It assures a constant supply of fluid is available to replace any lost by system leaks it also catch the return fluid and

purges air from the fluid

There are two types of reservoirs and there are: In-Line Type Integral Type

HYDRAULIC PUMPS:The pump is the hydraulic system equivalent of a heart Two hydraulic system pumps are constant displacement and variable displacement.

Constant displacement pump:-Also known as a fixed delive or constant volume pump is the least sophisticated and the simplest design of the two types of pumps Variable displacement: The more sophisticated variable displacement pump includes a method to compensate for variable system demands when one or more subsystems are activated

Hydraulic valves

Two categories of hydraulic valves are flow control and pressure control
Flow control valves:- Fluid is routed throughout the system by flow control valves a selector valve a sequence valve

Hydraulic fuses A check valve Pressure control valves

pressure relief valve pressure control valves

Pressure Boosters The function of a pressure booster is to act like a transformer-that is, it raises the pressure of a small circuit connected to the power system. The booster is a cylinder made up of two pistons of different surface areas that are connected Hydraulics System Accumulators Uses of an Accumulator Absorbs the shocks due to rapid pressure variations in a hydraulic system Helps maintain a constant pressure within the hydraulic system Helps the hydraulic pump under peak pressure loads It is an emergency source of power (the braking system has its own accumulator)

Pressure Boosters, Pressure De-Boosters, & Hydraulic Fluids Pressure boosters are rarely used in aircraft (almost all planes use de-boosters). The function of a pressure booster is to act like a transformer--that is, it raises the pressure of a small circuit connected to the power system

Fluid line and fitting Hydraulic fluid classified as rigid or flexible

Rigid line:- made of Aluminum for low pressure. ;

stainless steel for high pressure and oxygen systems Advantages Ability to handle high pressure No kinking or twisting after installation Long service life

Disadvantage
Can be accidentally bent, which may block fluid flow Lack resilience to bumps and other abuse

Are not flexible Flexible lines: - actually hoses; are the answer to the
disadvantages of the rigid lines They are constructed either of synthetic rubber or Teflon Disadvantage Its ability to twist, causing fluid flow stoppage

Actuating cylinders Muscle of hydraulic systems they do all the work Actuators translate the force of the system fluid pressure in to either linear or rotary movement Linear Actuators Make up of a piston inside a cylinder Single activity: - move in Single direction as a result of system pressure. Double activity a result of a system Pressure Rotary activities: - causes rotary motion and would replace

an electric motor in certain application

When high torque is needed To reverse direction

In concern of potential fire