Research Methodology

By: o Cut Danisha Razki o Riantari Maharani

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Introduction
oResearch in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. Once can also define research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. In fact, research is an art of scientific investigation. Some people consider research as a movement, a movement from the unknown to the known. oResearch comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organising and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusions, and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.
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The Concepts of Research

o Research is a systematic effort to provide answers to questions (Tuckman, 1999). o Research may be defined as the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events (Best and Kahn, 1998). o Research is a systematic way of asking questions, a systematic method of inquiry (Drew, Hardman, and Hart, 1996). oThe main goal of research is the gathering and interpreting of information to answer questions (Hyllegard, Mood, and Morrow, 1996).

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The Objective of Research

1. To find or look for something else and actual 2. To find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered yet 3. To test the knowledge of the truth, if it is still there is something questionable 4. To change the conclusions that have been accepted or rejected and changed the arguments with a new application of the theorem

(Prof. H. Moh. Kasiram, M.Sc -2010)

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Type of Research
o o o o Descriptive Research vs Analytical Reseacrh Applied Research vs Fundamental (Basic) Research Quantitative Research vs Qualitative Research Empirical Research vs Conceptual Research

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Applied Research vs Basic Research

Applied Research
Research done with the intention of applying the result of its finding to solving specific problems currently being experienced in the organizations.

Basic Research
Research done with the intention to generate more knowledge and understanding of the phenomenon that occur and to build theories based on the research result.

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Qualitative vs Quantitative Research

Criteria Purpose Group Studied Variables Types of Data Collected Scientific Method Qualitative To understand & interpret social interactions. Smaller & not randomly selected. Study of the whole, not variables. Words, images, or objects. Quantitative To test hypotheses, look at cause & effect, & make predictions. Larger & randomly selected. Specific variables studied. Numbers and statistics.

Exploratory or bottomup: the researcher generates a new hypothesis and theory from the data collected.

Confirmatory or top-down: the researcher tests the hypothesis and theory with the data.

Final Report

Narrative report with contextual description & direct quotations from research participants.

Statistical report with correlations, comparisons of means, & statistical significance of findings.

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What Are Required in Scientific Research?

Question
What the scientist want to know more about?

Research
Hypothesis Procedure/ Method

Gathering information
An educated guess of an answer to the question Written and carefully followed step by step experiment designed to test the hypothesis Information collected during the experiment Written description of what was noticed during the experiment Was the hypothesis correct or incorrect?
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Data
Observation Conclusion

Conclusion
By doing research we can discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures As well as to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet Research can be classified into eight general types, such as descriptive, analytical, applied, basic, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, empirical, and some other types of research. Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, such as phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind.

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