Nervous System

Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System

1. Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord

Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia

* (Ganglion=group of neuron cell bodies located outside CNS)

Sensory division vs. Motor division

1. Sensory Division: receives information FROM body and transmits it TO the CNS for processing

a) Somatic Sensory component receives sensory information from skin, joints, muscle, special senses b) Visceral Sensory component receives sensory info from blood vessels and viscera

2. Motor Division: transmits info FROM the CNS TO muscles and glands

a. Somatic motor component: innervates skeletal muscle b. Autonomic motor (Autonomic Nervous System): innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands of viscera (organs)

NERVOUS TISSUE CELLS

A. Neurons: respond to stimuli and conduct nerve impulses

NERVOUS TISSUE CELLS

B. Glial Cells: support and protect neurons (maintenance)

NEURON COMPOSITION (p 104)

A. Cell Body: B. Nucleus:

C. Dendrites:
D. Axon: E. Synapse:

NEURON CLASSIFICATION

1. Sensory (Afferent) Neuron: brings information TO the CNS

2. Motor (Efferent) Neuron: takes information FROM CNS to other parts of the body, cell body located in CNS
3. Interneuron (Association Neurons): helps coordinate and integrate info between sensory and motor neurons, cell body located in CNS

GLIAL CELLS - PNS

A. Satellite Cells: surround neuron cell bodies in spinal ganglia * (Ganglion=group of neuron cell bodies located outside CNS) B. Schwann cells: myelinate axons in PNS

Glial Cells - CNS

C. Astrocytes: regulate transfer of materials from blood to the brain - help the workings of "blood -brain barrier" D. Oligodendrocytes: myelinate axons in CNS E. Microglia: phagocytize damaged neurons F. Ependymal Cells: line central canal and ventricles help circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

MYELINATION OF AXONS

wrapping an axon with myelin

The Brain

4 Regions

Cerebrum

R & L Hemispheres

Diencephalon Brain Stem Cerebellum

Brain Cerebrum

Largest Region Gyri (twisters) & Sulcus (grooves) Fissures (deep grooves)

Longitudinal (hemispheres) Divide Lobes

Brain Cerebrum (lobes)

Parietal Lobe

Somatic sensory area homunculus

Brain Cerebrum (lobes)

Occipital Lobe

Visual area

Brain Cerebrum (lobes)

Temporal Lobe

Olfactory

Deep inside

Brain Cerebrum (lobes)

Frontal Lobe

Primary Motor Area Speech Language

Cerebrum

Cerebral Gray Matter (Cortex)

superficial

Cerebral White Matter

deeper
connects hemispheres

Corpus Callosum

Diencephalon (interbrain)

Sits atop brain stem Enclosed by cerebrum Structures

Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus

Diencephalon

Thalamus

Relay station from spinal cord Crude impulse

Pleasant vs. Unpleasant

Diencephalon

Hypothalmus (under the thalmus)

ANS (Emotional Visceral Brain) Body Temp, H2O balance, Metabolism Appetites (thirst, hunger) Pleasure & Pain

Diencephalon

Epithalamus

Pineal body (endocrine system) Choroid plexus (cerebrospinal fluid)

Brain Stem

About size of thumb Areas

Midbrain

Convey impulses Controls breathing Heart rate, BP, Swallowing, Vomiting, etc.

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

Cerebellum

Convoluted surface Precise timing of Skeletal muscles Balance Auto-Pilot

Protection of Brain

Meninges

dura mater (tough mother) arachnoid mater pia mater (gentle mother)
Eliminate waste

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Blood-Brain Barrier

Least-permeable membrane in body

Spinal Cord

Aprox. 17 in long Continuation of Brain Stem Ends Below ribs

Spinal Cord

Gray Matter

Posterior Horns (dorsal) Anterior Horns (ventral) Central Canal

Vertebrae Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater

CSF

Protection

Spinal Cord

Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal

Spinal Cord - Cervical

8 Cervical Nerves C1C8 Diaphragm, Shoulders, Neck Damage may result in:

Respiratory Paralysis

Spinal Cord - Thoracic

T1-T12 Intercostal

Spinal Cord - Lumbar

L1-L5 Lower abdomen, buttocks, anterior & medial thigh, hip muscles, skin of thigh Damage:

Inability to flex hip Loss of cutaneous sensation Inability to adduct thigh

Spinal Cord Sacral & Coccygeal

S1-S5 + Coccygeal Nerve Lateral & posterior leg/foot, gluteus, lower trunk Damage:

Inability to extend hip Inability to flex knee