Bonding

DENTIN BONDING- The process of bonding a resin to conditioned dentin

DENTIN CONDITIONER-An acidic agent that dissolves the inorganic structure in dentin, resulting in a collagen mesh that allows infiltration of an adhesive resin HYBRID LAYER- An intermediate layer of resin, collagen, and dentin produced by acid etching of dentin and resin infiltration SMEAR LAYER- Poorly adherent layer of ground dentin produced by cutting a dentin surface

 HEMA TEGDMA UDMA

MECHANISMS OF ADHESION
Wetting Interpenetration (Formation of a hybrid zone) Micromechanical interlocking Chemical bonding

ACID-ETCH TECHNIQUE
Counteract the effects of microleakage 1955- Michael Buonocore- phosphoric acid Micromechanical bonding Most effective way to improve mechanical bonding Selective dissolution leading to microporosity

Enamel rods have been Formation of resin tags preferentially dissolved

 37 % Phosphoric acid Gel using a brush applicator Etching time(15 sec) - primary teeth& Fluorosis Rinse and dry- white frosted appearance Avoid contact with blood or saliva

 Conditioned enamel is essential to ensure a marginal seal even though the retention relies on retentive cavity features and/or dentin bonding

DENTIN BONDING AGENTS

Dentin poses greater obstacles to adhesive bonding than does enamel, because dentin is a living tissue(50%,30%% and 20%)

challenges
High fluid content places stringent requirements on the materials that can be effective adhesive agents Tubular nature of dentin Smear layer These challenges delayed the development of dentin bonding agents compared to enamel bonding agents

First generation
1950s NPG-GMA Polyurathanes Glycerolphosphoric acid dimethacrylate Little clinical success- high polymerisation shrinkage and coefficient of thermal expansions Bond strength-2 to 3 MPa No effect on smear layer

Second generation
1960s & early 1970s 25% citric acid Phosphate esters Poly urethane polymers NPG-GMA( N - phenyl glycine and glycidyl methacrlyate) Phenyl,2-methacryloxy phenyl phosphoric acid Bond strength-4 to 6MPa No effect on smear layer

Third generation
First and second gen- failed,low bond strengths due to failures within the smear layer How? 3rd gen ? Removal of the smear layer without disturbing the plugs that occluded dentinal tubules 16 to 26 MPa

3 components
Conditioner( weak organic acid-maleic acid or stronger inorganic acidphosphoric or nitric acid) Primer- bifunctional monomer in a volatile solvent(HEMA) Adhesive- UNFILLED RESIN

steps
Dentin conditioner- acid to remove smear layer( HEMA,2% aqueous nitric acid) Primer(chlorophosphoric ester of Bis GMA) Application of unfilled resin Placement of resin based composite

Fourth generation
Dentin etching? Dentin bonding systems that relied on total removal of the smear layer and smear plugs resin tags in the dentinal tubules Previously separate etching regiments for enamel and dentin 4th- Total etch using phosphoric acid

Steps( total etch and wet bonding)

Etch enamel and dentin simultaneously Rinse and dry Slightly moisten the surface Apply primer , dry again Bonding resin Light cure resin Composite and cure

Fifth generation
Etchant Bonding agent(conditioner and primer in one bottle) Resin

Fifth Generation Bonding System

The current state of the art in bonding materials is the single component bonding systems. This system provide entire priming and bonding sequence in a single liquid and single bottle. Dentin adhesives are based on combinations of conventional hydrophobic resins such as BIS-GMA, together with hydrophilic resins and solvents.

HEMA (Hydroxyethyl methacrylate) is often used as a hydrophilic monomer.

Acetone, alcohol or a combination of both can be used as hydrophilic solvents. Several systems include water in various quantities to make the compound as an aqueous solution.

Materials
1) Prime & Bond 2) One Step Bond

3) Tenure Quick
4) Syntac single

5) Opti Bond

Sixth generation
Single bottle They use an acidified primer that is applied to the dentin and not rinsed off